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<DIV><A href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117963685/home"><FONT
color=#000000>Journal of Biogeography</FONT></A></DIV>
<DIV><A href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123261734/issue"><FONT
color=#000000>Volume 37 Issue
3</FONT></A>, Pages 557 - 570</DIV>
<DIV class=pubOnline>Published Online: 28 Oct 2009</DIV>
<DIV class=title-document> </DIV>
<DIV class=title-document><FONT size=4>Phylogeography and phylogeny of the
epineritic cosmopolitan bonitos of the genus <SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda</EM></SPAN>
(Cuvier): inferred patterns of intra- and inter-oceanic connectivity derived
from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data</FONT></DIV>
<DIV class=author-info xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><SPAN
class=name><SPAN class=forenames>Jordi</SPAN> <SPAN class=surname>Viņas</SPAN>
<SUP><NOBR>1</NOBR></SUP>*</SPAN>, <SPAN class=name><SPAN class=forenames>Jaime
R.</SPAN> <SPAN class=surname>Alvarado Bremer</SPAN> <SUP><NOBR>2,3</NOBR></SUP>
</SPAN>and <SPAN class=name><SPAN class=forenames>Carles</SPAN> <SPAN
class=surname>Pla</SPAN> <SUP><NOBR>1</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=addresses xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><SPAN
class=address><SPAN id=a1><SPAN class=number><SUP><NOBR>1</NOBR></SUP>
</SPAN>Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genčtica, Universitat de Girona, Campus
Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain</SPAN> , <A class=invisible-anchor
name=a2> </A><SPAN id=a2> <SPAN class=number><SUP><NOBR>2</NOBR></SUP>
</SPAN>Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007
Avenue U, Galveston, TX 77551, USA</SPAN> , <A class=invisible-anchor
name=a3> </A><SPAN id=a3> <SPAN class=number><SUP><NOBR>3</NOBR></SUP>
</SPAN>Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University,
210 Nagle Hall, TAMU 2258, College Station, TX 77843, USA</SPAN> </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=correspondence-address xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><SPAN
class=correspondence-label>Correspondence to </SPAN><A class=invisible-anchor
name=c1> </A><SPAN id=c1> <SPAN class=number>*</SPAN>Jordi Viņas,
Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genčtica, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi,
E-17071 Girona, Spain.E-mail: <A class=externallink
href="mailto:jordi.vinas@udg.edu"><FONT
color=#000000>jordi.vinas@udg.edu</FONT></A></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV class=abstract-title id=h1> </DIV>
<DIV class=abstract-title><STRONG>ABSTRACT</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV class=abstract-content xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:md="urn:mdransfi-functions"
xmlns:f="http://wiley.com/wispers/content/function"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Aim </STRONG></SPAN>To
reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the four species of the genus
<SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda</EM></SPAN> (<SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda sarda</EM></SPAN>,
<SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda orientalis</EM></SPAN>, <SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda
australis</EM></SPAN> and <SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda chilensis</EM></SPAN>) and
their phylogeographic history in the context of historical and ecological
biogeography. Also, to reconstruct within-species phylogenetic relationships to
test whether the North Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Atlantic bonito
(<SPAN class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN>) warrant subspecies status, and the
validity of the allopatric northern and southern populations of eastern Pacific
bonito (<SPAN class=i><EM>S. chiliensis</EM></SPAN>), recognized as <SPAN
class=i><EM>S. chiliensis lineolata</EM></SPAN> and <SPAN
class=i><EM>S. chiliensis chiliensis</EM></SPAN>.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN
class=h5-inline><STRONG>Location </STRONG></SPAN>Representative samples of
all four <SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda</EM></SPAN> species collected world-wide were
analysed.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN
class=h5-inline><STRONG>Methods </STRONG></SPAN>Phylogenetic inference was
carried out with neighbour-joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood,
employing nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region I
(CR-I) and of the single-copy nuclear DNA (nDNA) Tmo-4c4 gene. Analysis of
molecular variance was used on the mtDNA data to estimate the extent of
geographic population structuring.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Results </STRONG></SPAN>Gene
trees derived from mtDNA and nDNA data yielded concordant phylogenies that
support the monophyly of the genus <SPAN class=i><EM>Sarda</EM></SPAN>. The
following sibling pairs received strong statistical support: striped bonito
(<SPAN class=i><EM>S. orientalis</EM></SPAN>) with Australian bonito (<SPAN
class=i><EM>S. australis</EM></SPAN>), and Atlantic bonito (<SPAN
class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN>) with eastern Pacific bonito (<SPAN
class=i><EM>S. chiliensis</EM></SPAN>). Furthermore, the origin of <SPAN
class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN> mtDNA is paraphyletic with respect to
<SPAN class=i><EM>S. chiliensis</EM></SPAN>, and these results are
indicative of introgression. The analysis of Tmo-4c4 sequences corroborates the
ancestral hybridization between these allopatric species. Comparisons of
north-west Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of <SPAN
class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN> using mtDNA CR-I data revealed substantial
genetic differentiation. By contrast, no differences between the putative
northern and southern allopatric subspecies of <SPAN
class=i><EM>S. chiliensis</EM></SPAN> were detected.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Main
conclusions </STRONG></SPAN>The monophyly of the genus <SPAN
class=i><EM>Sarda</EM></SPAN> as indicated by morphology is corroborated using
both molecular markers. However, <U>molecular phylogenies depicted a
paraphyletic relationship between <SPAN class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN>
and <SPAN class=i><EM>S. chiliensis</EM></SPAN></U>. This phylogeographical
relationship is better explained by an ancestral introgression facilitated by
trans-Arctic contact during the Pleistocene. The pronounced genetic
differentiation between <SPAN class=i><EM>S. sarda</EM></SPAN> samples from
the north-west Atlantic and the Mediterranean is consistent with the
differentiation of these two regions, but not with the amphi-Atlantic speciation
hypothesis. Finally, <STRONG><U>the <SPAN class=i><EM>S. chiliensis
lineolata</EM></SPAN> and <SPAN class=i><EM>S. chiliensis
chiliensis</EM></SPAN> subspecies status is not supported by the molecular
data.</U></STRONG></P></DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>