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<DIV><A href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117963685/home"><FONT
color=#000000>Journal of Biogeography</FONT></A></DIV>
<DIV><A href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123534348/issue"><FONT
color=#000000>Volume 37 Issue
7</FONT></A>, Pages 1352 - 1362</DIV>
<DIV class=pubOnline>Published Online: 23 Mar 2010</DIV>
<DIV class=title-document xmlns:jencode="java.net.URLEncoder"> </DIV>
<DIV class=title-document xmlns:jencode="java.net.URLEncoder"><FONT
size=4>Biogeographical contingency and the evolution of tropical anchovies
(genus <SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN>) from temperate anchovies
(genus <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis</EM></SPAN>)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV class=author-info xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:jencode="java.net.URLEncoder"><SPAN class=name><SPAN class=forenames>W.
S.</SPAN> <SPAN class=surname>Grant</SPAN> <SUP><NOBR>1</NOBR></SUP>*</SPAN>,
<SPAN class=name><SPAN class=forenames>Frédéric</SPAN> <SPAN
class=surname>Lecomte</SPAN> <SUP><NOBR>2</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN>and <SPAN
class=name><SPAN class=forenames>Brian W.</SPAN> <SPAN
class=surname>Bowen</SPAN> <SUP><NOBR>3</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=addresses xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:jencode="java.net.URLEncoder"><SPAN class=address><A
class=invisible-anchor name=a1> </A><SPAN id=a1> <SPAN
class=number><SUP><NOBR>1</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN>Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA and Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518, USA</SPAN> , <A
class=invisible-anchor name=a2> </A><SPAN id=a2> <SPAN
class=number><SUP><NOBR>2</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN>INRA-UMR ECOBIOP, Pôle
d'Hydrobiologie, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France</SPAN> ,
<A class=invisible-anchor name=a3> </A><SPAN id=a3> <SPAN
class=number><SUP><NOBR>3</NOBR></SUP> </SPAN>Hawaii Institute of Marine
Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI, 96744,
USA</SPAN> </SPAN><A class=invisible-anchor name=c1> </A><SPAN id=c1>
<SPAN class=number>*</SPAN>Correspondence: Stewart Grant, Department of
Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
E-mail: <A class=externallink href="mailto:phylogeo@yahoo.com"><FONT
color=#000000>phylogeo@yahoo.com</FONT></A></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV class=bpg40copyright> </DIV>
<DIV class=abstract-title id=h1><STRONG>ABSTRACT</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV class=abstract-content xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:jencode="java.net.URLEncoder" xmlns:md="urn:mdransfi-functions"
xmlns:f="http://wiley.com/wispers/content/function"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Aim </STRONG></SPAN>Similar
regimes of selection in different geographical settings can deterministically
produce similar adaptive morphologies. We tested the hypothesis that the
evolutionary trajectories of fish in upwelling zones can be altered by
biogeographic contingencies in the biological and physical environment.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN
class=h5-inline><STRONG>Location </STRONG></SPAN>Eastern Pacific and
western Atlantic oceans.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Methods </STRONG></SPAN>We
estimated phylogenetic relationships among eastern Pacific temperate anchovies
(genus <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis</EM></SPAN>) and tropical anchovies (genus
<SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN>) with neighbour-joining and Bayesian
tree analysis of a 521-bp segment of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome <SPAN
class=i><EM>b</EM></SPAN>. Available sequences for five additional engraulid
taxa were included to establish polarity of the tree. Bayesian estimates (BEAST)
of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the nodes in the phylogeny
were calibrated with divergence between <SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis
edentulus</EM></SPAN> and <SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis mysticetus</EM></SPAN>
precipitated by the rise of the Panama Isthmus 2.8–3.2 Ma.</P>
<P class=para><SPAN
class=h5-inline><STRONG>Results </STRONG></SPAN>Neighbour-joining and
Bayesian trees indicate that<U> South American <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis
anchoita</EM></SPAN> (Argentina) and <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis
ringens</EM></SPAN> (Chile) together are basal sister taxa to the California
anchovy (<SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis mordax</EM></SPAN>) and Old World anchovies
(<SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis japonicas</EM></SPAN>, <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis
australis</EM></SPAN>, <SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis capensis</EM></SPAN> and
<SPAN class=i><EM>Engraulis encrasicolus</EM></SPAN>)</U>. The two tropical
species of <SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN> are sister-taxa to
Californian <SPAN class=i><EM>E. mordax</EM></SPAN>, even though their
phenotypes and ecologies differ markedly. A relaxed molecular clock indicates a
TMRCA between Californian <SPAN class=i><EM>E. mordax</EM></SPAN> and <SPAN
class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN> at about 4.2 Ma (3.0–6.3 Ma 95%
highest probability density).</P>
<P class=para><SPAN class=h5-inline><STRONG>Main
conclusions </STRONG></SPAN>The TMRCA between the California anchovy, <SPAN
class=i><EM>E. mordax</EM></SPAN>, and tropical <SPAN
class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN> coincides with the formation of the Gulf of
California, which provided opportunities for allopatric isolation during climate
oscillations. Mid-Pliocene warming (3.1–2.9 Ma) may have trapped ancestors
of <SPAN class=i><EM>Cetengraulis</EM></SPAN> in the Gulf of California, where
they evolved digestive tract morphologies to exploit inshore tropical habitats
with low plankton productivities. While populations of several other temperate
fishes have become isolated in the Gulf of California, few of these derived
species show strong adaptive shifts from temperate sister taxa or range
expansions into the tropical provinces of the western Atlantic and eastern
Pacific.</P></DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>