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<DIV jQuery1341621458708="3"><CITE><FONT size=2><ABBR class=slug-jnl-abbrev
title=Science></ABBR></FONT></CITE> </DIV>
<DIV jQuery1341621458708="3"><CITE><FONT size=2><ABBR class=slug-jnl-abbrev
title=Science>Science</ABBR><SPAN class=slug-pub-date itemprop="datePublished">
6 July 2012: </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=slug-vol>Vol. 337 </SPAN><SPAN
class=slug-issue>no. 6090 </SPAN><SPAN class=slug-pages>pp. 81-84
</SPAN><BR>DOI: <SPAN class=slug-doi
title=10.1126/science.1221168>10.1126/science.1221168
</SPAN></FONT></CITE></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=4>ENSO Drove 2500-Year Collapse of Eastern Pacific Coral
Reefs</FONT></DIV>
<DIV class="article abstract-view" jQuery1341621458708="5"
itemprop="articleBody" sizset="0" sizcache="1">
<DIV id=contrib-1 class=contributor itemscope="itemscope"
itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author" sizset="0"
sizcache="0"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Lauren+T.+Toth&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><FONT
size=2>Lauren T. Toth</FONT></A></SPAN><A id=xref-aff-1-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-1"
jQuery1341621458708="20"><SUP><FONT size=2>1</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Richard+B.+Aronson&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Richard
B. Aronson</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-1-2 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-1"
jQuery1341621458708="21"><SUP><FONT size=2>1</FONT></SUP></A><SPAN
class=xref-sep><FONT size=2>,</FONT></SPAN><A id=xref-aff-2-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-2"
jQuery1341621458708="22"><SUP><FONT size=2>2</FONT></SUP></A><SPAN
class=xref-sep><FONT size=2>,</FONT></SPAN><A id=xref-corresp-1-1
class=xref-corresp
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#corresp-1"><FONT
size=2>*</FONT></A><FONT size=2>, <SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A
class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Steven+V.+Vollmer&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Steven
V. Vollmer</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-3-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-3"
jQuery1341621458708="23"><SUP><FONT size=2>3</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Jennifer+W.+Hobbs&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Jennifer
W. Hobbs</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-1-3 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-1"
jQuery1341621458708="24"><SUP><FONT size=2>1</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Dunia+H.+Urrego&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Dunia
H. Urrego</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-1-4 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-1"
jQuery1341621458708="25"><SUP><FONT size=2>1</FONT></SUP></A><SPAN
class=xref-sep><FONT size=2>,</FONT></SPAN><A id=xref-aff-4-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-4"
jQuery1341621458708="26"><SUP><FONT size=2>4</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Hai+Cheng&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Hai
Cheng</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-5-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-5"
jQuery1341621458708="27"><SUP><FONT size=2>5</FONT></SUP></A><SPAN
class=xref-sep><FONT size=2>,</FONT></SPAN><A id=xref-aff-6-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-6"
jQuery1341621458708="28"><SUP><FONT size=2>6</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Ian+C.+Enochs&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Ian
C. Enochs</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-7-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-7"
jQuery1341621458708="29"><SUP><FONT size=2>7</FONT></SUP></A><SPAN
class=xref-sep><FONT size=2>,</FONT></SPAN><A id=xref-aff-8-1 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-8"
jQuery1341621458708="30"><SUP><FONT size=2>8</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=David+J.+Combosch&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">David
J. Combosch</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-3-2 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-3"
jQuery1341621458708="31"><SUP><FONT size=2>3</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Robert+van+Woesik&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Robert
van Woesik</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-1-5 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-1"
jQuery1341621458708="32"><SUP><FONT size=2>1</FONT></SUP></A><FONT size=2>,
<SPAN class=name><A class=name-search
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Ian+G.+Macintyre&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Ian
G. Macintyre</A></SPAN></FONT><A id=xref-aff-2-2 class=xref-aff
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6090/81.short#aff-2"
jQuery1341621458708="33"><SUP><FONT size=2>2</FONT></SUP></A><SUP></SUP></DIV>
<DIV class=contributor itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"
itemprop="author" sizset="0" sizcache="0"><FONT size=2><SUP>1</SUP>Department of
Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University
Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA. <SUP>2</SUP>Department of Paleobiology,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and
Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA. <SUP>3</SUP>Marine Science
Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01908, USA.
<SUP>4</SUP>UMR-CNRS 5805 EPOC, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques
et Continentaux, Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence,
France. <SUP>5</SUP>Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong
University, Xi'an 710049, China. <SUP>6</SUP>Department of Geology and
Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
<SUP>7</SUP>Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences,
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. <SUP>8</SUP>Atlantic Oceanographic
and Meteorological Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. E-mail: </FONT><A
href="mailto:raronson@fit.edu"><FONT size=2>raronson@fit.edu</FONT></A></DIV>
<DIV id=abstract-3 class="section abstract">
<H2><FONT size=2>Abstract</FONT></H2>
<P id=p-3><FONT size=2>Cores of coral reef frameworks along an upwelling
gradient in Panamá show that reef ecosystems in the tropical eastern Pacific
collapsed for 2500 years, representing as much as 40% of their history,
beginning about 4000 years ago. The principal cause of this millennial-scale
hiatus in reef growth was increased variability of the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) and its coupling with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The
hiatus was a Pacific-wide phenomenon with an underlying climatology similar to
probable scenarios for the next century. Global climate change is probably
driving eastern Pacific reefs toward another regional collapse.
</FONT></P></DIV></DIV></FONT><BR>
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