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<div><div><div>Estimados miembros de la Lista Oannes (Oannes Foro), de acuerdo instrucciones del Sr. Francisco J. Miranda Avalos, Presidente de la Junta Directiva de nuestra institución, reenviamos mensaje recibido por considerarlo de interés de los miembros del foro.</div><div><br></div><div>Atentamente.</div></div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt; ">Administracion Oannes</span></div><div><img src="cid:365E9198-22C2-468B-BAB3-2B1326C01AC3" style="width: 180px; height: 135px;">
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<p style="color: #A0A0A8;">Mensaje reenviado:</p>
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<b>De:</b> Andres A. Chiarella <achiarella@usa.net><br>
<b>Para:</b> IEHMP <ccti@iehmp.com><br>
<b>Fecha:</b> miércoles, 22 de enero de 2014 16:45:39<br>
<b>Asunto:</b> Nautilus: A record-breaking sub<br>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><!--?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /--><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">22 January 2014</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Last updated at </span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">11:22 GMT</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<h1 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 25.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24.5pt; COLOR: #4f81bd; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; LETTER-SPACING: -0.75pt">Nautilus: A record-breaking sub<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">By Claire Bowes</span></b><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">BBC World Service</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE"><img height="351" alt="Crowds watching the launch of USS Nautilus " src="cid:embedcid1" width="625"></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The USS Nautilus was launched into the Thames River, Connecticut, on 21 January 1954 <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25817797#story_continues_1"><span lang="EN-US">Continue reading the main story</span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">It's 60 years since the world's first nuclear-powered submarine was launched. The USS Nautilus was the first "true" submarine as it did not need to be refuelled and could remain submerged for months. So what was it like living on it?<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"I was teased that if I was going to this nuclear power programme, I might become irradiated and sterile and not have any children."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Jerry Armstrong was a 23-year-old sonar operator when he volunteered to work on a new top-secret submarine. His wife was four months pregnant at the time and they knew they wanted another child.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"I was concerned, I discussed it with my wife but we knew that other naval and civilian personnel were already working on a prototype so we decided it would be safe."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Armstrong hadn't told anyone about his decision so his family and his in-laws were surprised when they got a visit from the FBI, asking what kind of student he had been and other questions about his lifestyle. His wife's family background was checked closely. Some of the others who'd volunteered for the programme were rejected.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"They were just picked up from the classroom and we never saw them again. The only thing we heard was that their family history didn't satisfy the investigation."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25817797#story_continues_2"><span lang="EN-US">Continue reading the main story</span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<h2 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">US nuclear-powered submarines<o:p></o:p></span>
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<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Can exceed 25 knots underwater - approx 29 miles (46km) per hour<o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Able to dive deeper than 800ft - the exact depth is classified<o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Ability to make oxygen on board means they can stay submerged for several months<o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The reactor uses fuel containing uranium, a radioactive metal<o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Boats are expected to last 33 years<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/faq.html">Source: US Navy</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Armstrong was then sent to work on the prototype nuclear reactor in the desert in Idaho, where he and the others spent nine months learning about nuclear fission. Before then, his knowledge of nuclear power was limited to the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">They were constantly monitored as they worked, he says. "The crew wore two testing devices. One was a film badge… literally made of photographic film which was worn on our belts. The other was a dosimeter which was like a ballpoint pen which we wore in our shirt pockets and would record any radiation."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Finally the Nautilus was ready and on 21 January 1954 it was launched into the Thames River in Connecticut. Twenty thousand people flocked to see it. The wife of President Eisenhower, Mamie, "christened" the submarine by breaking a champagne bottle on it as it slid into the water.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">From the outside the Nautilus didn't look all that different to a World War Two submarine but inside there was much more space because the old diesel-powered subs had to have fuel tanks to carry 90,000 gallons of diesel fuel. <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE"><img height="625" alt="USS Nautilus torpedo room" src="cid:embedcid2" width="625" border="0"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">USS Nautilus torpedo room <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"Previously submarines stayed under for up to 48 hours and then they had to surface to refuel, recharge batteries or take on air but the nuclear-powered submarine could stay submerged for years if need be," says naval historian and author Don Keith, so it could go anywhere in the world without detection. <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"That is the ultimate in stealthiness and what gives it the amazing military advantage. They made their own oxygen, their own water and the reactor core could survive for years without having to be serviced."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25817797#story_continues_3"><span lang="EN-US">Continue reading the main story</span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<h2 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Find out more<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE"><img height="171" alt="Jerry Armstrong today" src="cid:embedcid3" width="304" border="0"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Jerry Armstrong (above) and Don Keith spoke to the BBC World Service programme Witness<o:p></o:p></span>
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<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01ptppp">Listen via BBC iPlayer</a><o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/witness">Browse the Witness podcast archive</a><o:p></o:p></span> </li>
<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio">More from BBC World Service</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Armstrong remembers that the recycled air had a strange effect on him.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"I hated cottage cheese, but one time we stayed submerged for a long time and when the ship surfaced I began to crave cottage cheese. I think breathing the recycled air changed my metabolism."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">When they surfaced and began to pump fresh air back into the Nautilus "it was so clean and so sweet it made you light-headed".<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The Nautilus began going to sea in 1955. During these sea trials it was soon breaking all sorts of records - going deeper, further and faster than any previous submarine. It was able to dive to 700ft.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"For every 100ft in depth, there's 44lb of pressure per square inch of the vessel. So when we went deep in the ocean, the hull would compress and the locker doors would pop open."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Keith says submariners have to be competent in every area - so the cook has to be able to drive the submarine too. "I don't think I've ever seen anything as close as the brotherhood of submariners," he says. <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">But because the vessel would be remaining submerged for much longer than ever before, there were concerns this brotherhood might now be tested.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE"><img height="351" alt="USS Nautilus as sea" src="cid:embedcid4" width="625" border="0"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"The US Navy sent psychologists on board the Nautilus because they were concerned about the effects on the personalities and mental health of the men who would be confined in such a small amount of space for long periods."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">They found no impact, he says, but some submariners would talk gibberish and pretend to be crazy. <o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">In 1958 the Nautilus conducted its most daring experiment - becoming the first submarine to travel under the North Pole. <o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<p style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25817797#story_continues_4"><span lang="EN-US">Continue reading the main story</span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<h2 style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">More from the Magazine<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"The submarine stank... of diesel, sweat, fags and food. Water was rationed, particularly if you were going on a sneaky [a spying operation] because you didn't know how long you'd be gone for. There was only a small bowlful a week to wash and shave in. </span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">So no-one bothered."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<li style="color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/25019489%20-%20Life%20on%20a%20British%20Cold%20War%20submarine"><span lang="EN-US">Life on a Cold War submarine </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">This sent an important signal to the Soviet Union that the US could operate in its backyard without detection. That same year the Soviets commissioned their first nuclear submarine.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Jerry Armstrong and his wife did go on to have another child, and he says he could not have played his part in the story of the Nautilus without his wife's generosity and understanding.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">"When we launched in January 1954, the families went to watch us. One elderly man there said 'that thing is going to go to sea and blow up like an A-bomb'. You can only imagine the effect on the families. It takes a special breed of woman to be a military wife."<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The Armstrongs have been married for 60 years.<o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Witness is broadcast on the BBC World Service. Listen via </span></i><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01ptppp"><span lang="EN-US">BBC iPlayer Radio</span></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> or </span></i><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/witness"><span lang="EN-US">browse the Witness podcast archive</span></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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<p style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Follow </span></i><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="https://twitter.com/BBCNewsMagazine"><span lang="EN-US">@BBCNewsMagazine</span></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> on Twitter and on </span></i><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a title="Facebook - BBC Magazine" href="http://www.facebook.com/BBCMagazine"><span lang="EN-US">Facebook</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span>
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