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<DIV class=articleTitle><SPAN class=mainTitle> </DIV>
<DIV id=publishedOnlineDate>Journal of Biogeography</DIV>
<DIV>Article first published online: 23 JAN 2014</DIV>
<DIV id=doi>DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12275</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV id=copyright class=copyright></SPAN><SPAN class=mainTitle><FONT
size=4>Anchovies go north and west without losing diversity: post-glacial range
expansions in a small pelagic fish</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV id=jbi12275-cr-0001>Gonçalo Silva, John B. Horne, Rita
Castilho<SUP>*</SUP></DIV>
<DIV id=publishedOnlineDate>Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR/CIMAR Associate
Laboratory, University of Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal</DIV>
<DIV style="CLEAR: left" id=correspondence><SUP>*</SUP> Correspondence: E-mail: <!--TODO: clickthrough URL--><A title="Link to email address"
href="mailto:rcastil@ualg.pt" shape=rect><FONT
color=#007e8a>rcastil@ualg.pt</FONT></A><BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV style="CLEAR: left" id=publicationHistoryDetails jQuery1390874820109="11">
<H4>Abstract</H4></DIV></DIV>
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<DIV id=fulltext>
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<DIV id=abstract>
<DIV id=jbi12275-sec-0001 class=section>
<H4>Aim</H4>
<DIV class=para>
<P>As part of an emerging effort to understand the role played by climatic
fluctuations in shaping the geographical distributions and abundances of marine
organisms, we examined the genetic patterns of leading-edge populations in the
European anchovy, <EM>Engraulis encrasicolus</EM>, and its American counterpart,
the morphologically similar silver anchovy, <EM>Engraulis eurystole</EM>, in the
North Atlantic Ocean.</P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=jbi12275-sec-0002 class=section>
<H4>Location</H4>
<DIV class=para>
<P>Adults were collected from the western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic (from
Norway to Ghana) and western Mediterranean.</P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=jbi12275-sec-0003 class=section>
<H4>Methods</H4>
<DIV class=para>
<P>A 1045 bp fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome <EM>b</EM> gene was sequenced
(<EM>n </EM>=<EM> </EM>312) and nine microsatellite loci were
genotyped (<EM>n </EM>=<EM> </EM>462) for anchovies from 13 locations
across the temperate North Atlantic. Populations were surveyed for diversity and
differentiation with a range of summary statistics. Multivariate discriminant
analysis of principal components was employed to detect the number of genetic
clusters in the data and assign individuals to populations based on their
microsatellite genotypes. Historical demographic inferences – mismatch
distributions and Bayesian skyline plots – were used to observe population size
changes relating to climatic oscillations.</P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=jbi12275-sec-0004 class=section>
<H4>Results</H4>
<DIV class=para>
<P>Two mitochondrial clades were recovered, consistent with previous studies of
<EM>E. encrasicolus</EM>, in which the frequency of each clade varied by
latitude. Four genetic clusters corresponding loosely to large geographical
regions were identified with microsatellite data. The north-western Atlantic
<EM>E. eurystole</EM> was not reciprocally monophyletic for either mtDNA or
microsatellite analyses and is probably conspecific with <EM>E.
encrasicolus</EM>. Genetic diversity peaked in Iberian populations, but
differences in genetic diversity were only statistically significant for the
least diverse population, Tangier. The indications of demographic expansion were
more pronounced in the southern clade and both mtDNA clades exhibited genetic
diversity and expansion imprints that are likely to be older than climatic
oscillations of the recent Pleistocene.</P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=jbi12275-sec-0005 class=section>
<H4>Main conclusions</H4>
<DIV class=para>
<P>The highly mobile nature of anchovies has allowed them to track their optimal
thermal physiological conditions during the extreme climate shifts of the Last
Glacial Maximum and avoid wholesale population reductions and genetic
bottlenecks. Both north-eastern and north-western Atlantic were probably rapidly
recolonized after the Last Glacial Maximum by large numbers of anchovies, such
that leading-edge populations retained the genetic diversity of parent
populations.</P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>