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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300'>Science 4 April 2014: <br>
<span class=slug-vol>Vol. 344 </span><span class=slug-issue>no. 6179 </span>pp.
52-53 <br>
DOI: <span class=slug-doi>10.1126/science.1252246 </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:
18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Not So Permanent El Niño</span></b><span
lang=EN style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=name><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=David+W.+Lea&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333;text-decoration:none'>David W. Lea</span></a></span></span><a
name=aff-1></a><span lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>.<b> </b></span><span lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Department of Earth Science, University of
California, Santa Barbara, CA 93109-9630, USA. E-mail: <a
href="mailto:lea@geol.ucsb.edu"><span style='color:#2E6D8F;text-decoration:
none'>lea@geol.ucsb.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;background:white'><b><span
lang=EN style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white' id=p-2><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Knowledge
of the behavior of the tropical oceans under different climate conditions is
important for understanding not only past climate change but also present and
future global warming, especially given the recent finding that the cool state
of the equatorial Pacific might be the cause of the current global warming
hiatus (<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1</span></em>). On
page 84 of this issue, Zhang <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et
al.</span></em> evaluate the long-term evolution of tropical Pacific sea
surface temperatures (SSTs) since 12 million years ago (<em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>2</span></em>). They conclude that the
equatorial Pacific was warmer during the Pliocene (5.3 to 2.6 million years
ago) and late Miocene (12.0 to 5.3 million years ago) than it is today and that
the temperature difference between the eastern and western tropical Pacific
that is a fundamental characteristic of today's ocean was present (although
somewhat smaller than it is today) during these warmer time intervals. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white'><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>/////////////////////////////////////////<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300'>Science 4 April 2014: <br>
<span class=slug-vol>Vol. 344 </span><span class=slug-issue>no. 6179 </span>pp.
84-87 <br>
DOI: <span class=slug-doi>10.1126/science.1246172 </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
1.5pt;margin-left:3.0pt;background:white'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:
18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>A 12-Million-Year
Temperature History of the Tropical Pacific Ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=name><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Yi+Ge+Zhang&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333;text-decoration:none'>Yi Ge Zhang</span></a></span></span><span
lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/84.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E6D8F;text-decoration:
none'>1</span></sup></a><sup>,</sup><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/84.abstract#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E6D8F;text-decoration:
none'>*</span></sup></a>, <span class=name><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Mark+Pagani&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333;text-decoration:none'>Mark Pagani</span></a></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/84.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E6D8F;text-decoration:
none'>1</span></sup></a>, <span class=name><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Zhonghui+Liu&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333;text-decoration:none'>Zhonghui Liu</span></a></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/84.abstract#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E6D8F;text-decoration:
none'>2</span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><sup><span lang=EN
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>1</span></sup><span
lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Department
of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. </span><a
name=aff-2></a><sup><span lang=EN style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>2</span></sup><span lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Department of Earth Sciences, The
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. </span><sup><span lang=EN
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>*</span></sup><span
lang=EN style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Corresponding
author. E-mail: <a href="mailto:yige.zhang@yale.edu"><span style='color:#2E6D8F;
text-decoration:none'>yige.zhang@yale.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #DADADA 1.0pt;
padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;background:white'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
background:white;border:none;padding:0in'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/tab-abstract"><span
style='color:windowtext'>Abstract</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white'><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>The
appearance of permanent El Niño–like conditions prior to 3 million years
ago is founded on sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstructions that show
invariant Pacific warm pool temperatures and negligible equatorial zonal
temperature gradients. However, only a few SST records are available, and these
are potentially compromised by changes in seawater chemistry, diagenesis, and
calibration limitations. For this study, we establish new biomarker-SST records
and show that the Pacific warm pool was ~4°C warmer 12 million years ago. Both
the warm pool and cold tongue slowly cooled toward modern conditions while
maintaining a zonal temperature gradient of ~3°C in the late Miocene, which
increased during the Plio-Pleistocene. Our results contrast with previous temperature
reconstructions that support the supposition of a permanent El Niño–like
state. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white'><span lang=EN
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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