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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Marine Ecology<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;background-position:initial initial;
background-repeat:initial initial'><span style='color:black'>Article first
published online: 16 MAY 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word;background-position:
initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial' id=doi><span
style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/maec.12167<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial'
id=copyright><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#A3A2A2'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Artificial Marine
Micro-Reserves Networks (AMMRNs): an innovative approach to conserve marine
littoral biodiversity and protect endangered species</span></span><span
style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=ES>José C. García-Gómez</span><sup><span lang=ES
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span
lang=ES>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
lang=ES>José M. Guerra-García</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,*</span></sup><span lang=ES>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span lang=ES>Free
Espinosa</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span lang=ES>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span lang=ES>Manuel J.
Maestre</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span lang=ES>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span lang=ES>Georgina
Rivera-Ingraham</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2</span></sup><span lang=ES>,Darren Fa</span><sup><span lang=ES
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span
lang=ES>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
lang=ES>Alexander R. González</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span lang=ES>, Aurora
Ruiz-Tabares</span><sup><span lang=ES style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
lang=ES>and </span>Carlos M. López-Fé<sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;background-position:initial initial;
background-repeat:initial initial' id=publishedOnlineDate><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup>Laboratorio
de Biología Marina, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville,
Spain<sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:
0in'>2</span></sup>Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,
Bremerhaven, Germany<sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>3</span></sup>The Gibraltar Museum, Gibraltar, UK.<sup><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>Correspondence</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>E-mail:</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><a href="mailto:jmguerra@us.es"
title="Link to email address"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>jmguerra@us.es</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position:initial initial;background-repeat:initial initial'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Coastal
engineering works, especially the outer breakwaters of ports where
environmental conditions are usually good, often constitute new habitats for
marine littoral species. Their potential indirect contribution to the
regeneration and conservation of protected species opens up a new perspective
in protection of marine biodiversity. This is particularly true when these
works harbour, as we show here, important reproductive populations of species
that are threatened or even in danger of extinction. We provide integrated data
on protected marine species in Southern Iberia established on different
substrata (quarried dolomitic rocks, concrete cubic blocks, concrete tetrapods
and vertical concrete walls) that are used in the construction of artificial
levees that could potentially be Artificial Marine Micro-Reserves (AMMRs). We
also present the first evidence of the ‘reserve effect’ in
potential AMMRs and we discuss the need for the creation of AMMRs including
their effective networking (AMMRNs), supporting data for which has been
observed by studying coastal facilities subjected to strict access restrictions
(for security reasons, not conservation). These facilities have acted as
valuable proxies and, in reality, potentially act as AMMRs, as well as having a
role in helping to detect and control invasive species. We discuss the
ecological engineering aspects related to the design and type of materials used
in coastal constructions with a view to aiding the integration of these into
existing coastal ecosystems as well as promoting greater settlement of species
and therefore increases in biodiversity. Finally, the environmental
implications of AMMRNs within the future implementation strategy of the Water
Framework Directive 2000/60 EC are also discussed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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