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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Global Ecology and Biogeography<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px'><span style='color:#A3A2A2'><a
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.2014.23.issue-7/issuetoc"><b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Volume 23</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span><b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Issue 7</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span></a></span><b><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>pages 701–714</span></b><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#A3A2A2'> </span></span><b><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>July 2014</span></b><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;float:left'><span style='color:black'>Article
first published online: 22 APR 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi><span
style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/geb.12169<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>Gelatinous zooplankton biomass in the global oceans: geographic
variation and environmental drivers</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Cathy H. Lucas</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,*</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Daniel O. B. Jones</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>, Catherine J. Hollyhead</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,2</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Robert H. Condon</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Carlos M. Duarte</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4,5,6</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>William M. Graham</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>7</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Kelly L. Robinson</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>7</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Kylie A. Pitt</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>8</span></sup><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Mark Schildhauer</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>9</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>and Jim Regetz</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>9</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>National Oceanography Centre, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>Civil, Maritime and Environmental Engineering and Science Unit,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</span><sup><span style='font-size:
8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of
Biology and Marine Biology, Wilmington, NC, USA</span><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Global Change Research, Instituto
Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Spain</span><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>6</span></sup><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>7</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Marine
Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA</span><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>8 </span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of
Environment, Griffith University, QLD, Australia</span><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>9</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
(NCEAS), Santa Barbara, CA, USA <sup><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></sup></span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Correspondence: Cathy Lucas, E-mail:</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><a
href="mailto:cathy.lucas@noc.soton.ac.uk" title="Link to email address"><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>cathy.lucas@noc.soton.ac.uk</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h4 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:19.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Aim<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Scientific
debate regarding the future trends, and subsequent ecological, biogeochemical
and societal impacts, of gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) in a changing ocean is
hampered by lack of a global baseline and an understanding of the causes of
biogeographic patterns. We address this by using a new global database of GZ
records to test hypotheses relating to environmental drivers of biogeographic
variation in the multidecadal baseline of epipelagic GZ biomass in the world's
oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:19.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Location<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Global
oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:19.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Over
476,000 global GZ data and metadata items were assembled from a variety of
published and unpublished sources. From this, a total of 91,765 quantitative
abundance data items from 1934 to 2011 were converted to carbon biomass using
published biometric equations and species-specific average sizes. Total GZ,
Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Chordata (Thaliacea) biomass was mapped into 5° grid
cells and environmental drivers of geographic variation were tested using
spatial linear models.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:19.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Results<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline;outline: 0px'><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>We present JeDI (the Jellyfish Database Initiative),</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> a
publically accessible database available at</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><a href="http://jedi.nceas.ucsb.edu/"
title="Link to external resource: http://jedi.nceas.ucsb.edu"><span
style='color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>http://jedi.nceas.ucsb.edu</span></a>.
We show that: (1) GZ are present throughout the world's oceans; (2) the global
geometric mean and standard deviation of total gelatinous biomass is 0.53</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'> </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>±</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'> </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>16..16</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:black'> </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>mg C m</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>−3</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, corresponding to a global
biomass of 38.3 Tg C in the mixed layer of the ocean; (3) biomass of all
gelatinous phyla is greatest in the subtropical and boreal Northern Hemisphere;
and (4) within the North Atlantic, dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen
utilization and sea surface temperature are the principal drivers of biomass
distribution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h4 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:19.2pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Main conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>JeDI is a
unique global dataset of GZ taxa which will provide a benchmark against which
future observations can be compared and shifting baselines assessed. The
presence of GZ throughout the world's oceans and across the complete global
spectrum of environmental variables indicates that evolution has delivered a
range of species able to adapt to all available ecological niches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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