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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Journal of Applied Ecology<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px'><span style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12306<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>The detection of aquatic
animal species using environmental DNA – a review of eDNA as a survey
tool in ecology</span></span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Helen C. Rees</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,*</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Ben C. Maddison</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, David J. Middleditch</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>James R. M. Patmore</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>and Kevin C. Gough</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;
outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>ADAS UK Ltd, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The
University of Nottingham, Leicestershire</span><sup><span style='font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>ADAS UK Ltd, ADAS Boxworth, Boxworth, Cambridgeshire</span><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>ADAS UK Ltd, ADAS Wolverhampton,
Wolverhampton</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>School of
Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Leicestershire. <sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup>Corresponding
Author: Email: <a href="mailto:helen.rees@adas.co.uk"
title="Link to email address"><span style='color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>helen.rees@adas.co.uk</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Summary<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Knowledge
of species distribution is critical to ecological management and conservation
biology. Effective management requires the detection of populations which can
sometimes be at low densities and is usually based on visual detection and
counting.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Recently
there has been considerable interest in the detection of short species-specific
environmental DNA (eDNA) fragments to allow aquatic species monitoring within
different environments due to the potential of greater sensitivity over
traditional survey methods which can be time-consuming and costly.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Environmental
DNA analysis is increasingly being used in the detection of rare or invasive
species and has also been applied to eDNA persistence studies and estimations
of species biomass and distribution. When combined with next generation
sequencing methods it has been demonstrated that entire faunas can be
identified.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Different
environments require different sampling methodologies, but there remain areas
where laboratory methodologies could be standardised to allow results to be
compared across studies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline;outline: 0px'><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Synthesis and
applications</span></em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>. We review recently published studies that use eDNA to monitor
aquatic populations, discuss the methodologies used, the application of eDNA
analysis as a survey tool in ecology, and include innovative ideas for how eDNA
can be used for conservation and management citing test cases. For instance the
potential for on-site analyses, including the application of eDNA analysis to
carbon nanotube platforms or laser transmission spectroscopy to facilitate
rapid on-site detections. The use of eDNA monitoring is already being adopted
in the UK for ecological surveys.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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