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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><cite><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;font-style:normal'>Science</span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></span><span
class=slug-pub-date><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4 July 2014</span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><br>
<span class=slug-vol>Vol. 345</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=slug-issue>no. 6192</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=slug-pages>pp. 77-80</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><br>
<cite><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-style:normal'>DOI:</span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=slug-doi>10.1126/science.1251635<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=slug-doi><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=slug-doi><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling
ecosystems<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><span class=name><b><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=W.+J.+Sydeman&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>W. J. Sydeman</span></a></span></b></span><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>1</span></sup></a><span class=xref-sep><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span></sup></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>*</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=M.+Garc%C3%ADa-Reyes&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>M. García-Reyes</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-2><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>1</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=D.+S.+Schoeman&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>D. S. Schoeman</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>2</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=R.+R.+Rykaczewski&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>R. R. Rykaczewski</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-3"
id=xref-aff-3-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>3</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=S.+A.+Thompson&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>S. A. Thompson</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-3><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>1</span></sup></a><span class=xref-sep><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span></sup></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-4"
id=xref-aff-4-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>4</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=B.+A.+Black&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>B. A. Black</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-5"
id=xref-aff-5-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>5</span></sup></a>, <span class=name><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=S.+J.+Bograd&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>S. J. Bograd</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#aff-6"
id=xref-aff-6-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-weight:normal'>6</span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><a name=aff-1></a><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span style='mso-list:
Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>1</span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem
Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA.<a name=aff-2></a> <sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup>Faculty of
Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast,
Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.<a name=aff-3></a> <sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup>Department of
Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina,
701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.<a name=aff-4></a><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4</span></sup>Climate Impacts
Group, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.<a
name=aff-5></a> <sup><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5</span></sup>Marine
Science Institute, University of Texas, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas,
TX 78373, USA.<a name=aff-6></a><sup><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>6</span></sup>Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 1352
Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-2097, USA.</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/77.abstract#xref-corresp-1-1"><span
style='font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:#2E6D8F;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>↵</span></a><span class=corresp-label><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup></span>Corresponding
author. E-mail:</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'> </span></span><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a href="mailto:wsydeman@comcast.net"><span
style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>wsydeman@comcast.net</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></address>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:12.5pt;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/tab-abstract"><span
style='text-transform:uppercase;border:solid #DADADA 1.0pt;padding:0in;
background:#EFEFEF'>ABSTRACT</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:#EEEEEE;vertical-align:baseline'><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>In 1990, Andrew Bakun
proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force
intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current
systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is
considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support
Bakun’s hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on
upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published
analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and
Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales
ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger
intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming
pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal
winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun’s hypothesis
of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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