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<p class=MsoNormal><i>Nature </i><b>512</b>, 65–68<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>(07 August 2014)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>doi:10.1038/nature13563<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Published online 06 August 2014<o:p></o:p></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#222222;letter-spacing:
-.4pt;font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:22.0pt;color:#222222;letter-spacing:
-.4pt;font-weight:normal'>A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury
based on water column measurements<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-1"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Carl H. Lamborg</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-2"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Chad R. Hammerschmidt</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-3"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Katlin L. Bowman</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-4"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Gretchen J. Swarr</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-5"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Kathleen M. Munson</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-6"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Daniel C. Ohnemus</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-7"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Phoebe J. Lam</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-8"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Lars-Eric Heimbürger</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-9"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Micha J. A.
Rijkenberg</span></span></a> &<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140807#auth-10"><span
class=fn><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>Mak A. Saito</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:
17.95pt;page-break-after:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#707070;
font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#707070;font-weight:normal'>Department of Marine Chemistry and
Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
02543, USA<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:
17.95pt;page-break-after:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#707070;
font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#707070;font-weight:normal'>Department of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA Observatoire
Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse,
CNRS/IRD/Université Paul-Sabatier, 14, avenue Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse,
France Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for
Sea Research, Den Burg, 1790 AB, The Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Mercury
is a toxic trace metal that accumulates in aquatic organisms and whose
emissions to the environment have increased significantly as a result of mining
and fossil fuel combustion. Carl Lamborg and colleagues measured mercury levels
during expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific, Southern and Arctic Oceans. Their
findings suggest that human disturbances to the global mercury cycle have led
to an approximately 150% increase in the amount of mercury in thermocline
waters and have more than tripled the mercury content of surface waters.</span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'>Mercury is a toxic, bioaccumulating trace metal whose emissions
to the environment have increased significantly as a result of anthropogenic
activities such as mining and fossil fuel combustion<sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref1"
title="Fitzgerald, W. F. & Lamborg, C. H. in Treatise on Geochemistry (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) Vol. 9, Ch. 4, 1-47 (Pergamon, 2003)"
id=ref-link-1><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>1</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref2"
title="Streets, D. G. et al. All-time releases of mercury to the atmosphere from human activities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 10485-10491 (2011)"
id=ref-link-2><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>2</span></a></span></sup>.
Several recent models have estimated that these emissions have increased the
oceanic mercury inventory by 36–1,313 million moles since the 1500s<sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref2"
title="Streets, D. G. et al. All-time releases of mercury to the atmosphere from human activities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 10485-10491 (2011)"
id=ref-link-3><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>2</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref3"
title="Mason, R. P., Fitzgerald, W. F. & Morel, F. M. M. The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury[mdash]anthropogenic influences. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3191-3198 (1994)"
id=ref-link-4><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>3</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref4"
title="Lamborg, C. H., Fitzgerald, W. F., O'Donnell, J. & Torgersen, T. A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66, 1105-1118 (2002)"
id=ref-link-5><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>4</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref5"
title="Selin, N. E. et al. Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB2011 (2008)"
id=ref-link-6><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>5</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref6"
title="Soerensen, A. L. et al. An improved global model for air-sea exchange of mercury: high concentrations over the North Atlantic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 8574-8580 (2010)"
id=ref-link-7><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>6</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref7"
title="Sunderland, E. M. & Mason, R. P. Human impacts on open ocean mercury concentrations. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 21, GB4022 (2007)"
id=ref-link-8><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>7</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref8"
title="Strode, S., Jaegle, L. & Emerson, S. Vertical transport of anthropogenic mercury in the ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 24, GB4014 (2010)"
id=ref-link-9><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>8</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7512/full/nature13563.html#ref9"
title="Amos, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Streets, D. G. & Sunderland, E. M. Legacy impacts of all-time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 27, 410-421 (2013)"
id=ref-link-10><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>9</span></a></span></sup>.
Such predictions have remained largely untested owing to a lack of appropriate
historical data and natural archives. Here we report oceanographic measurements
of total dissolved mercury and related parameters from several recent
expeditions to the Atlantic, Pacific, Southern and Arctic oceans. We find that
deep North Atlantic waters and most intermediate waters are anomalously
enriched in mercury relative to the deep waters of the South Atlantic, Southern
and Pacific oceans, probably as a result of the incorporation of anthropogenic
mercury. We estimate the total amount of anthropogenic mercury present in the
global ocean to be 290 ± 80 million moles, with almost two-thirds
residing in water shallower than a thousand metres. Our findings suggest that
anthropogenic perturbations to the global mercury cycle have led to an
approximately 150 per cent increase in the amount of mercury in thermocline
waters and have tripled the mercury content of surface waters compared to
pre-anthropogenic conditions. This information may aid our understanding of the
processes and the depths at which inorganic mercury species are converted into
toxic methyl mercury and subsequently bioaccumulated in marine food webs.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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