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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Article first published online: 5
AUG 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi><span
style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12163<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:2.75pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:14.4pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#5D5D5D'><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Colonization of the
Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed
by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis</span></span><span
style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Morgan Churchill</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2,*</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Robert W.
Boessenecker</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3,4</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>and Mark T. Clementz</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;
outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Dept.
3006, Laramie, WY, USA</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Program in
Ecology, University of Wyoming, Berry Center 231, Laramie, WY, USA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline'><sup><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Department of Geology, University
of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of
California, Berkeley, CA, USA. <sup><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></sup>Corresponding author. E-mail:<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a href="mailto:mchurch3@uwyo.edu"
title="Link to email address"><span style='color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>mchurch3@uwyo.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:3.75pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></sup></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:3.75pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:6.0pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-line-height-alt:
7.5pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;background:#007E8B;vertical-align:baseline;
outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#757373'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Abstract</span></b><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#757373'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) evolved in the
North Pacific and later dispersed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However,
the timing and number of dispersals into the Southern Hemisphere still remain
poorly understood. To determine the biogeographical patterns of dispersal
within fur seals and sea lions, we conducted cladistic analyses using combined
evidence incorporating morphological and molecular data. The phylogeny produced
in this study was then incorporated into Bayesian biogeographical analyses to
reconstruct ancestral points of origin and dispersal patterns for otariid
clades. Combined evidence analyses supported</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Callorhinus</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>as the earliest diverging extant otariid, and a strongly supported
northern sea lion clade (<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Zalophus</span></em>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Eumetopias</span></em><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, and</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Proterozetes</span></em><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>) as the
sister group to a southern clade comprising the remainder of Otariidae. Fossil
data constrained the timing and location of this dispersal as occurring between
6 and 7</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
color:black'> </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Mya during a period of unusually cool sea surface temperatures and
high productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific, far older than suggested
by prior studies. Our study indicates that the distribution of fur seals and
sea lions is tightly linked to sea surface temperature and productivity, and
suggests that otariids may be vulnerable to future anthropogenic climate
change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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