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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#5D5D5D'>Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px'><span style='color:#A3A2A2'><a
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zoj.2014.172.issue-1/issuetoc"><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Volume 172</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Issue 1</span><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span></a></span><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>pages 200–225</span><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#A3A2A2'> </span></span><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>September 2014</span><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Article first published online: 5 AUG 2014<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi>DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12163<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px' id=copyright><span class=maintitle><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=maintitle><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions
(Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combine evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian
biogeographical analysis</span></b></span><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Morgan Churchill</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,2,*</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Robert W. Boessenecker</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3,4</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>and Mark T.
Clementz</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><span
class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of
Wyoming, Dept. 3006, Laramie, WY, USA </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Program
in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Berry Center 231, Laramie, WY, USA </span><span
class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3 </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>University of California
Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA <sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup>Corresponding
author. E-mail:</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><a href="mailto:mchurch3@uwyo.edu"
title="Link to email address"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>mchurch3@uwyo.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:6.0pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-line-height-alt:
7.5pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;background:#007E8B;vertical-align:baseline;
outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#757373'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:white;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Abstract</span></b><b><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#757373'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) evolved in the
North Pacific and later dispersed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However,
the timing and number of dispersals into the Southern Hemisphere still remain
poorly understood. To determine the biogeographical patterns of dispersal
within fur seals and sea lions, we conducted cladistic analyses using combined
evidence incorporating morphological and molecular data. The phylogeny produced
in this study was then incorporated into Bayesian biogeographical analyses to
reconstruct ancestral points of origin and dispersal patterns for otariid
clades. Combined evidence analyses supported</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Callorhinus</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>as the earliest diverging extant otariid, and a strongly supported
northern sea lion clade (<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Zalophus</span></em>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Eumetopias</span></em><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, and</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><em><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Proterozetes</span></em><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>) as the
sister group to a southern clade comprising the remainder of Otariidae. Fossil
data constrained the timing and location of this dispersal as occurring between
6 and 7</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
color:black'> </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Mya during a period of unusually cool sea surface temperatures and
high productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific, far older than suggested
by prior studies. Our study indicates that the distribution of fur seals and
sea lions is tightly linked to sea surface temperature and productivity, and
suggests that otariids may be vulnerable to future anthropogenic climate change<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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