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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=slug-metadata-note><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Published Online</span></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></span><span
class=slug-ahead-of-print-date><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333300;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>August 7 2014</span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><br>
<cite><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-style:normal'>Science</span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=slug-pub-date>29 August
2014:</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><br>
<span class=slug-vol>Vol. 345</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=slug-issue>no. 6200</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=slug-pages>pp. 1045-1048</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><br>
<cite><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-style:normal'>DOI:</span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=slug-doi>10.1126/science.1252220</span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333300'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:12.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Holocene history of ENSO variance and asymmetry in the eastern
tropical Pacific<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=name><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Matthieu+Carr%C3%A9&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Matthieu Carré</span></a></span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a><span class=xref-sep><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span></sup></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Julian+P.+Sachs&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Julian P. Sachs</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Sara+Purca&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Sara Purca</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-3"
id=xref-aff-3-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>3</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Andrew+J.+Schauer&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Andrew J. Schauer</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-4"
id=xref-aff-4-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Pascale+Braconnot&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Pascale Braconnot</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-5"
id=xref-aff-5-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>5</span></sup></a>,<span class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Rommel+Angeles+Falc%C3%B3n&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Rommel Angeles Falcón</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-6"
id=xref-aff-6-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>6</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Mich%C3%A8le+Julien&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Michèle Julien</span></a></span></span><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-7"
id=xref-aff-7-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>7</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=name><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Dani%C3%A8le+Lavall%C3%A9e&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span
style='color:#333333'>Danièle Lavallée</span></a></span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-1><sup><span style='color:#2E6D8F;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><a name=aff-1></a><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;font-style:normal'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'>UM2-CNRS–Institut
pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Institut des Sciences de
l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095
Montpellier, France.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-2
id=aff-2></a><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>2</span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'>School of Oceanography, University of
Washington, Post Office Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-3
id=aff-3></a><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>3</span></sup><span lang=ES style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Instituto del Mar del
Perú (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y general Valle S/N, Callao, Perú.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-4
id=aff-4></a><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>4</span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
University of Washington, Post Office Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-5
id=aff-5></a><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>5</span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des
Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, unité mixte
CEA-CNRS–Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Orme des
merisiers, Bâtiment 712, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-6
id=aff-6></a><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>6</span></sup><span lang=ES style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Ministerio de Cultura,
Museo de sitio de Pachacamac, Lurín, Lima, Perú.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-7
id=aff-7></a><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>7.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>7</span></sup><span lang=ES style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Archéologies et Sciences
de l’Antiquité, UMR 7041, Maison René Ginouvès, 21 Allée de
l’Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<address style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline-style: none;font-weight:inherit;
font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-align:inherit'><a name=aff-8
id=aff-8></a><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-style:normal'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>8.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in;font-style:normal'>8</span></sup><span lang=ES style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-style:normal'>Archéologie des
Amériques, UMR 8096, Maison René Ginouvès, 21 Allée de l’Université,
92023 Nanterre, France.<o:p></o:p></span></address>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/1045.abstract#xref-corresp-1-1"><span
style='font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif";color:#2E6D8F;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>↵</span></a><span class=corresp-label><sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup></span>Corresponding
author. E-mail:<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="mailto:matthieu.carre@univ-montp2.fr"><span style='color:#2E6D8F;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>matthieu.carre@univ-montp2.fr</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo4;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:12.5pt;
mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5;background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><a
href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6200/tab-abstract"><span
style='text-transform:uppercase;border:solid #DADADA 1.0pt;padding:0in;
background:#EFEFEF'>ABSTRACT</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:#EEEEEE;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Understanding the
response of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to global warming
requires quantitative data on ENSO under different climate regimes. Here, we
present a reconstruction of ENSO in the eastern tropical Pacific spanning the
past 10,000 years derived from oxygen isotopes in fossil mollusk shells from
Peru. We found that ENSO variance was close to the modern level in the early
Holocene and severely damped ~4000 to 5000 years ago. In addition, ENSO
variability was skewed toward cold events along coastal Peru 6700 to 7500 years
ago owing to a shift of warm anomalies toward the Central Pacific. The modern
ENSO regime was established ~3000 to 4500 years ago. We conclude that ENSO was
sensitive to changes in climate boundary conditions during the Holocene,
including but not limited to insolation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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