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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Conservation Biology<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px'><span style='color:#A3A2A2'><a
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.2014.28.issue-5/issuetoc"><b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Volume 28</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span><b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8B;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Issue 5</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'> </span></span></a></span><b><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>pages 1206–1214</span></b><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#A3A2A2'> </span></span><b><span
style='color:#007E8B;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>October 2014</span></b><span
style='color:#A3A2A2'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Article first published online: 29
APR 2014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi><span
style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12303<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span class=maintitle><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span class=maintitle><span
style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Seventy-One Important Questions for
the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity</span></span><span style='font-size:
16.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>E.
C. M. PARSONS</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,†</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>BRETT FAVARO</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,3,†</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>A. ALONSO AGUIRRE</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1,4</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>AMY L. BAUER</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>LOUISE K. BLIGHT</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5,6</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>JOHN A. CIGLIANO</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>7</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>MELINDA A. COLEMAN</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>8,9</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,ISABELLE M. CÔTÉ</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>MEGAN
DRAHEIM</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>10</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>,STEPHEN FLETCHER</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>11</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>MELISSA M. FOLEY</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>12,13</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>REBECCA JEFFERSON</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>11</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,MIRANDA C. JONES</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>14</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>BRENDAN P. KELAHER</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>9</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>CAROLYN J. LUNDQUIST</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>15,16</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>JULIE-BETH
MCCARTHY</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>17</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>ANNE NELSON</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>18</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>KATHERYN PATTERSON</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,LESLIE WALSH</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>19</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>,</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>ANDREW J. WRIGHT</span><sup><span style='font-size:
7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>and WILLIAM J. SUTHERLAND</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>20</span></sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;outline: 0px'
id=publishedOnlineDate><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>1</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Environmental Science & Policy,
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, U.S.A.</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>2</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, BC, Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>3</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and
Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, Canada</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Smithsonian–Mason
School of Conservation, Front Royal, VA, U.S.A.</span><span style='font-size:
8.0pt'>5</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Centre for Applied Conservation
Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'>6</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>WWF-Canada,
Vancouver, BC, Canada </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>7</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Department of Biological Sciences, Cedar Crest College,
PA, U.S.A. </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>8</span><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, NSW Fisheries, NSW
2450, Australia </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>9</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross
University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>10</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Virginia Tech Center for Leadership in Global
Sustainability, Natural Resource Programs, Arlington, VA, U.S.A.</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'>11 </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Centre for
Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University, Drake Circus,
Plymouth, United Kingdom</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>12 </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford Woods Institute
for the Environment, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, U.S.A. </span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'>13 </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>United States
Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA,
U.S.A. </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>14 </span><span style='font-size:
9.0pt'>Ocean Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>15</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research
Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>16 </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand </span><span style='font-size:
8.0pt'>17 </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>406-B Mountain Ash Crescent,
British Columbia, Canada </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt'>18</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Collaborative Ocean Planning, Portland, OR, U.S.A. </span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt'>19 </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>National
Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. </span><span style='font-size:
8.0pt'>20</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt'>Conservation Science Group,
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. </span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Email: E. C. M. PARSONS
(ecm-parsons@earthlink.net)</span><span style='font-size:14.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'
id=publishedOnlineDate><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#A3A2A2'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>The ocean
provides food, economic activity, and cultural value for a large proportion of
humanity. Our knowledge of marine ecosystems lags behind that of terrestrial
ecosystems, limiting effective protection of marine resources. We describe the
outcome of 2 workshops in 2011 and 2012 to establish a list of important
questions, which, if answered, would substantially improve our ability to
conserve and manage the world's marine resources. Participants included
individuals from academia, government, and nongovernment organizations with
broad experience across disciplines, marine ecosystems, and countries that vary
in levels of development. Contributors from the fields of science,
conservation, industry, and government submitted questions to our workshops,
which we distilled into a list of priority research questions. Through this
process, we identified 71 key questions. We grouped these into 8 subject
categories, each pertaining to a broad component of marine conservation:
fisheries, climate change, other anthropogenic threats, ecosystems, marine
citizenship, policy, societal and cultural considerations, and scientific
enterprise. Our questions address many issues that are specific to marine
conservation, and will serve as a road map to funders and researchers to
develop programs that can greatly benefit marine conservation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><b><span
lang=ES style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Setenta
y Un Preguntas Importantes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline;outline: 0px'><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Resumen<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Los
océanos proporcionan alimento, actividad económica y valor cultural para una
gran porción de la humanidad. Nuestro conocimiento de los ecosistemas marinos
está atrasado con respecto al que tenemos de los ecosistemas terrestres, lo que
limita la protección efectiva de los recursos naturales. Describimos el
resultado de dos talleres en 2011 y 2012 para establecer una lista de preguntas
importantes, las cuales al ser respondidas, mejorarían sustancialmente nuestra
habilidad de conservar y manejar los recursos marinos del mundo. Entre los
participantes se incluyeron a individuos de la docencia, el gobierno y
organizaciones no-gubernamentales, con una amplia experiencia que atraviesa
disciplinas, ecosistemas marinos y países que varían en el nivel de desarrollo.
Los contribuyentes de los campos de la ciencia, la conservación, la industria y
el gobierno, presentaron preguntas a nuestros talleres, las cuales separamos en
una lista de preguntas de investigación prioritarias. Por medio de este
proceso, identificamos 71 preguntas clave. Las agrupamos en ocho categorías
temáticas, cada una perteneciente a un componente amplio de la conservación
marina: pesquerías, cambio climático, otras amenazas antropogénicas, ecosistemas,
ciudadanía marina, política, consideraciones sociales y culturales, y la
iniciativa científica. Nuestras preguntas se dirigen a muchas cuestiones que
son específicas de la conservación marina, y servirán como una ruta a seguir
para patrocinadores e investigadores que busquen desarrollar programas que
puedan beneficiar ampliamente a la conservación marina.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=ES><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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