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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal>Conservation Biology<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px'><span style='color:#007E8B'><a
href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739/earlyview"><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#007E8A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Early View (Online Version of Record
published before inclusion in an issue)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Article first published online: 7
APR 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='outline: 0px;word-wrap: break-word' id=doi><span
style='color:black'>DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12492<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span class=maintitle><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Population structure of
humpback whales in the western and central South Pacific Ocean as determined by
vocal exchange among populations</span></span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Ellen C. Garland</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2,3,*</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Anne W. Goldizen</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, Matthew S. Lilley</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Melinda L. Rekdahl</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>, Claire Garrigue</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,6</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Rochelle Constantine</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,7</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Nan Daeschler Hauser</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,8</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>M. Michael Poole</span><sup><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,9</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Jooke Robbins</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2,10</span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>and Michael J. Noad</span><sup><span style='font-size:7.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1,2</span></sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;
outline: 0px' id=publishedOnlineDate><span class=affiliationnumber><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton,
QLD, Australia </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>South Pacific Whale Research Consortium, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook
Islands </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>3 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science
Center, NMFS, NOAA, Seattle, WA, U.S.A. </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>4 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>School of Biological Sciences,
University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia </span><span
class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>5 </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>SecuritEase
International, Petone, New Zealand </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>6 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Opération Cétacés, Noumea, New
Caledonia </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>7 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand </span><span class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8 </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Cook Islands Whale Research, Avarua, Rarotonga, Cook Islands </span><span
class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>9 </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Marine
Mammal Research Program, Maharepa, Moorea, French Polynesia </span><span
class=affiliationnumber><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>10 </span></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Center for
Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA, U.S.A. <sup><span
style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></sup>Current address:
School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.,
email<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="mailto:ellen.garland@gmail.com" title="Link to email address"><span
style='color:#007E8A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>ellen.garland@gmail.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:16.2pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline;outline: 0px'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>For cetaceans, population structure is traditionally determined by
molecular genetics or photographically identified individuals. Acoustic data,
however, has provided information on movement and population structure with
less effort and cost than traditional methods in an array of taxa. Male
humpback whales</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
class=fixed-roman><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>(Megaptera novaeangliae)</span></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>produce a continually evolving vocal sexual display, or song, that
is similar among all males in a population. The rapid cultural transmission
(the transfer of information or behavior between conspecifics through social
learning) of different versions of this display between distinct but
interconnected populations in the western and central South Pacific region
presents a unique way to investigate population structure based on the movement
dynamics of a song (acoustic) display. Using 11 years of data, we investigated
an acoustically based population structure for the region by comparing
stereotyped song sequences among populations and years. We used the Levenshtein
distance technique to group previously defined populations into (vocally based)
clusters based on the overall similarity of their song display in space and
time. We identified the following distinct vocal clusters: western cluster, 1
population off eastern Australia; central cluster, populations around New
Caledonia, Tonga, and American Samoa; and eastern region, either a single
cluster or 2 clusters, one around the Cook Islands and the other off French
Polynesia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each breeding
aggregation represents a distinct population (each occupied a single, terminal
node) in a metapopulation, similar to the current understanding of population
structure based on genetic and photo-identification studies. However, the
central vocal cluster had higher levels of song-sharing among populations than
the other clusters, indicating that levels of vocal connectivity varied within
the region. Our results demonstrate the utility and value of using culturally
transmitted vocal patterns as a way of defining connectivity to infer
population structure. We suggest vocal patterns be incorporated by the
International Whaling Commission in conjunction with traditional methods in the
assessment of structure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><b><span
lang=ES style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Estructura
Poblacional de las Yubartas en el Centro y Occidente del Sur del Océano
Pacífico, Determinada por el Intercambio Vocal entre las Poblaciones<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<h5 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.05in;
margin-left:0in;line-height:16.8pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px'><span
lang=ES style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Resumen<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:
baseline;outline: 0px'><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>La estructura poblacional de los cetáceos se determina
tradicionalmente por medio de genética molecular o individuos identificados
fotográficamente. Sin embargo, los datos acústicos han proporcionado
información sobre el movimiento y la estructura poblacional de una variedad de
taxones con menos esfuerzo y menos costo que los métodos tradicionales. Las
yubartas macho</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span
class=fixed-roman><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>(Megaptera novaeangliae)</span></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>producen
una demostración vocal sexual, o canto, en continua evolución que es similar
entre todos los machos en una población. La transmisión cultural rápida (la
transferencia de información o comportamientos entre co-específicos por medio
del aprendizaje social) de diferentes versiones de esta demostración entre
poblaciones distintas pero interconectadas en el centro y occidente en la
región del sur del Pacífico presenta una manera única para investigar la
estructura poblacional con base en las dinámicas de movimiento de la
demostración del canto (acústico). Al usar once años de datos, con base en la
acústica investigamos a una estructura poblacional de la región al comparar
secuencias estereotipadas de cantos entre las poblaciones y los años. Usamos la
técnica de la distancia Levenshtein para agrupar poblaciones previamente
definidas en grupos (con base vocal) basados en la similitud general de su
canto en el espacio y el tiempo. Identificamos a los siguientes grupos vocales
perceptibles: grupo occidental, una población al este de Australia; grupo
central, poblaciones alrededor de Nueva Caledonia, Tonga y Samoa Americana; y
región oriental, ya sea un grupo único o dos grupos, uno alrededor de las Islas
Cook y el otro cerca de la Polinesia Francesa. Estos resultados son
consistentes con la hipótesis de que cada conjunto reproductivo representa a
una población distinta (cada una ocupó un nodo terminal único) en una
meta-población, similar al entendimiento actual de la estructura poblacional
con base en los estudios genéticos y de foto-identificación. Sin embargo, el
grupo vocal central tuvo niveles más altos de cantos compartidos entre las
poblaciones que en los otros grupos, lo que indica que los niveles de
conectividad vocal variaron dentro de la región. Nuestros resultados demuestran
la utilidad y el valor de usar patrones vocales transmitidos culturalmente como
una forma de definir la conectividad para inferir la estructura poblacional.
Sugerimos que los patrones vocales sean incorporados por la Comisión
Internacional de Caza de Ballenas en conjunto con los métodos tradicionales de
evaluación de la estructura.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=ES><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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