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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Animals
suffered from adrenal and lung problems that are consistent with exposure to
petroleum.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222;letter-spacing:-.4pt'>Deepwater Horizon oil spill linked to Gulf
of Mexico dolphin deaths<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=vcard><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-linked-to-gulf-of-mexico-dolphin-deaths-1.17609?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20150521#auth-1"><span
style='color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Allie Wilkinson</span></a></span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nature
</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17609
20 May 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>http://www.nature.com/news/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-linked-to-gulf-of-mexico-dolphin-deaths-1.17609?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20150521<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>More than 1,300
bottlenose dolphins have stranded themselves in the northern Gulf of Mexico
since early 2010. Research now links this unusual mortality event to the
massive Deepwater Horizon oil spill.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The spike in
dolphin deaths began shortly before the spill in April 2010, and scientists
have struggled to understand whether the two events are related. A study
published on 20 May in<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>PLoS ONE</i><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>finds that many of the dead animals
had lung and adrenal-gland lesions that are consistent with exposure to
petroleum compounds</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-linked-to-gulf-of-mexico-dolphin-deaths-1.17609?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20150521#b1"
title="Venn-Watson, S. et al. PLoS ONE 10, e0126538 (2015)." id=ref-link-1><span
style='color:#5C7996'>1</span></a></span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>That led the
study's authors to conclude that the Deepwater Horizon spill probably drove the
mass deaths. The study builds on a 2011 assessment of live dolphins in Barataria
Bay, Louisiana, that <a
href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2012.11011"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>revealed widespread adrenal and lung disease</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>and general poor health</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-linked-to-gulf-of-mexico-dolphin-deaths-1.17609?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20150521#b2"
title="Carmichael, R. H., Graham, W. M., Aven, A., Worthy, G. & Howden, S. PLoS ONE 7, e41155 (2012)."
id=ref-link-2><span style='color:#5C7996'>2</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. The spill, which began with the
explosion of a BP drilling rig, caused heavy and prolonged oiling in the bay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In the latest
study, researchers analysed lung and adrenal-gland tissue samples from 46
dolphins that were found dead in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama —
areas that experienced significantly elevated levels of petroleum compounds.
The team compared these animals with a reference group of 106 dolphins that
stranded before the mass deaths began, or outside of the area where these
strandings took place.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The dolphins
that died in the footprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were more likely
to have lesions in their lungs and adrenal glands than animals from outside
that area were, says Kathleen Colegrove, one of the study’s authors and a
veterinary pathologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#111111'>Catastrophic colds<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Other
differences were also apparent. More than one in five dolphins from the
mass-death group had <u>bacterial pneumonia</u>, and the disease caused or
contributed significantly to the deaths of 70% of these animals. In contrast,
just 2% of the animals in the reference group had pneumonia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“What's
been really striking to me as a pathologist has been the severity of some of
these pneumonias,” Colegrove says. “They've been some of the most
severe pneumonias that myself or some of the other pathologists involved in this
investigation have ever seen.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Dolphins in the
Deepwater Horizon footprint were also more likely to have a thin adrenal
cortex, which can increase the risk of death and disease — especially in
animals that are already fighting infection, exposed to cold temperatures or
are pregnant. The condition was observed in a third of the animals from the
mass-death group, including half of the dolphins from Barataria Bay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“Animals
with untreated adrenal dysfunction can essentially be balancing precariously on
a ledge, waiting for the right stressor to push them into an adrenal crisis,
including rapid death from shock,” says Stephanie Venn-Watson, a
veterinary epidemiologist at the National Marine Mammal Foundation in San
Diego, California, and the study's lead author.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#111111'>Oil trigger<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>These results,
taken with the findings of the 2011 assessment, show that dolphins were
significantly affected by exposure to petroleum compounds after the Deepwater
Horizon spill, Colegrove says. That exposure caused the animals' adrenal and
lung disease, and those conditions were major factors in increasing dolphin
deaths, she adds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Frances
Gulland, a veterinarian at the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California,
is pleased to see concrete data on the potential impacts of the spill after
years of debate. “It’s really nice to see real confirmation from
histology,” she says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But the book is
not closed on the dolphin deaths. Because the animals are long-lived, and slow
to mature and reproduce, Colegrove says that it will be many years before
scientists understand the full effects of the Deepwater Horizon spill on the
Gulf of Mexico population.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In a prepared
statement, BP spokesman Geoff Morrell disputed any connection between the oil
spill and the dolphin deaths. “The data we have seen thus far, including
the new study from [the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration], do
not show that oil from the Deepwater Horizon accident caused an increase in
dolphin mortality,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.75pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.4pt'><a href="javascript:;"><span
style='color:#444444'>References</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=fn><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Venn-Watson, S.</span></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et al</span></i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=source-title><i>PLoS ONE</i></span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=volume><b>10</b></span>, e0126538 (<span class=year>2015</span>). <a
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126538"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Article</span></a>
<a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=25992681&dopt=Abstract"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>PubMed</span></a> <a href="javascript:;"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=fn><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Carmichael, R. H.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=fn>Graham, W. M.</span>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=fn>Aven, A.</span>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=fn>Worthy, G.</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>&<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Howden, S.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=source-title><i>PLoS ONE</i></span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=volume><b>7</b></span>,
e41155 (<span class=year>2012</span>). <a
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041155"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Article</span></a>
<a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=22815950&dopt=Abstract"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>PubMed</span></a> <a
href="http://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&action=reflink&origin=npg&version=1.0&coi=1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtV2msLnK&pissn=0028-0836&md5=7a891410dfd14cb9cbeb558ea34ae019"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>ChemPort</span></a> <a href="javascript:;"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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