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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>Nature </i><b>523</b>, 200–203<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>doi:10.1038/nature14577<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Published online 08 July 2015<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT..ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Basin-scale
transport of hydrothermal dissolved metals across the South Pacific Ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-1"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Joseph A. Resing</span></span></a>1<span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-2"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Peter N. Sedwick</span></span></a>2<span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-3"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Christopher R.
German</span></span></a>3<span class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-4"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>William J. Jenkins</span></span></a>3<span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-5"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>James W. Moffett</span></span></a>4<span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-6"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Bettina M. Sohst</span></span></a>2
&<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150709&spMailingID=49054266&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=720986702&spReportId=NzIwOTg2NzAyS0#auth-7"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Alessandro
Tagliabue</span></span></a>5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1
Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and the Ocean, University of
Washington and NOAA-PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115,
USA 2 Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA 3 Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 4 Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway #AHF204,
Los Angeles, California 90089, USA 5 Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological
Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow
Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hydrothermal
venting along mid-ocean ridges exerts an important control on the chemical
composition of sea water by serving as a major source or sink for a number of
trace elements in the ocean</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref1"
title="Von Damm, K. L. Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 18, 173-204 (1990)"
id=ref-link-7><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>1</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref2"
title="German, C. R. & Seyfried, W. E. in Treatise Geochemistry Vol. 8 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 191-233 (Elsevier, 2014)"
id=ref-link-8><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>2</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref3"
title="Elderfield, H. & Schultz, A. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24, 191-224 (1996)"
id=ref-link-9><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>3</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Of these, iron has received
considerable attention because of its role as an essential and often limiting
nutrient for primary production in regions of the ocean that are of critical
importance for the global carbon cycle</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref4"
title="Boyd, P. W. & Ellwood, M. J. The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean. Nature Geosci. 3, 675-682 (2010)"
id=ref-link-10><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>4</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. It has been thought that most of the
dissolved iron discharged by hydrothermal vents is lost from solution close to
ridge-axis sources</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref2"
title="German, C. R. & Seyfried, W. E. in Treatise Geochemistry Vol. 8 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 191-233 (Elsevier, 2014)"
id=ref-link-11><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>2</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref5"
title="Feely, R. A. et al. Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2297-2323 (1996)"
id=ref-link-12><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>5</span></a></span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>and is thus of limited importance for
ocean biogeochemistry</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref6"
title="Bruland, K. & Lohan, M. in Treatise Geochemistry Vol. 6 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 23-47 (Elsevier, 2003)"
id=ref-link-13><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>6</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. This long-standing view is
challenged by recent studies which suggest that stabilization of hydrothermal
dissolved iron may facilitate its long-range oceanic transport</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref7"
title="Bennett, S. A. et al. The distribution and stabilisation of dissolved Fe in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270, 157-167 (2008)"
id=ref-link-14><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>7</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref8"
title="Sander, S. G. & Koschinsky, A. Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation. Nature Geosci. 4, 145-150 (2011)"
id=ref-link-15><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>8</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref9"
title="Yucel, M., Gartman, A., Chan, C. S. & Luther, G. W. Hydrothermal vents as a kinetically stable source of iron-sulphide-bearing nanoparticles to the ocean. Nature Geosci. 4, 367-371 (2011)"
id=ref-link-16><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>9</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref10"
title="Sands, C. M., Connelly, D. P., Statham, P. J. & German, C. R. Size fractionation of trace metals in the Edmond hydrothermal plume, Central Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 319-320, 15-22 (2012)"
id=ref-link-17><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>10</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Such transport has been subsequently
inferred from spatially limited oceanographic observations</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref11"
title="Fitzsimmons, J. N., Boyle, E. A. & Jenkins, W. J. Distal transport of dissolved hydrothermal iron in the deep South Pacific Ocean. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 16654-16661 (2014)"
id=ref-link-18><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>11</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref12"
title="Nishioka, J., Obata, H. & Tsumune, D. Evidence of an extensive spread of hydrothermal dissolved iron in the Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 361, 26-33 (2013)"
id=ref-link-19><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>12</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref13"
title="Wu, J., Wells, M. L. & Rember, R. Dissolved iron anomaly in the deep tropical-subtropical Pacific: evidence for long-range transport of hydrothermal iron. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 460-468 (2011)"
id=ref-link-20><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>13</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Here we report data from the US
GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (EPZT) that demonstrate lateral
transport of hydrothermal dissolved iron, manganese, and aluminium from the
southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) several thousand kilometres westward across
the South Pacific Ocean. Dissolved iron exhibits nearly conservative (that is,
no loss from solution during transport and mixing) behaviour in this
hydrothermal plume, implying a greater longevity in the deep ocean than
previously assumed</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref6"
title="Bruland, K. & Lohan, M. in Treatise Geochemistry Vol. 6 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 23-47 (Elsevier, 2003)"
id=ref-link-21><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>6</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref14"
title="Tagliabue, A. et al. Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved iron inventory. Nature Geosci. 3, 252-256 (2010)"
id=ref-link-22><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>14</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Based on our observations, we
estimate a global hydrothermal dissolved iron input of three to four gigamoles
per year to the ocean interior, which is more than fourfold higher than
previous estimates</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref7"
title="Bennett, S. A. et al. The distribution and stabilisation of dissolved Fe in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270, 157-167 (2008)"
id=ref-link-23><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>7</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref11"
title="Fitzsimmons, J. N., Boyle, E. A. & Jenkins, W. J. Distal transport of dissolved hydrothermal iron in the deep South Pacific Ocean. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 16654-16661 (2014)"
id=ref-link-24><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>11</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nature14577.html#ref14"
title="Tagliabue, A. et al. Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved iron inventory. Nature Geosci. 3, 252-256 (2010)"
id=ref-link-25><span style='color:#5C7996;text-decoration:none'>14</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Complementary simulations with a
global-scale ocean biogeochemical model suggest that the observed transport of
hydrothermal dissolved iron requires some means of physicochemical
stabilization and indicate that hydrothermally derived iron sustains a large
fraction of Southern Ocean export production.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0
width=441 height=200 id="Imagen_x0020_1"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01D0BA35.D34853B0"
alt="Cruise track and station locations."><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white'>Figure 1<span
class=break>:</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=figure-desc>Cruise track and station locations.</span></span></b><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>The US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>(GEOTRACES cruise GP16) was undertaken on <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>RV<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>Thomas G.
Thompson</i><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>cruise 303 from <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>25 October to 20 December 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>Station locations are shown as yellow circles <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
background:white'>with station numbers in white…</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<td style='border:none;padding:0px 15px 0px 8px'>
<a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">
<img border=0 src="http://static.avast.com/emails/avast-mail-stamp.png" />
</a>
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<p style='color:#3d4d5a; font-family:"Calibri","Verdana","Arial","Helvetica"; font-size:12pt;'>
This email is free from viruses and malware because <a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">avast! Antivirus</a> protection is active.
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