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<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><cite><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Science </span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>15 Jan 2016:<br>
Vol. 351, Issue 6270, pp. 264-267<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2213<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-weight:normal'>The fate of photons absorbed by phytoplankton
in the global ocean<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=name><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'>Hanzhi Lin</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-1><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a><span
class=xref-sep><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'>,</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#fn-1"
id=xref-fn-1-1><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>*</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span class=name><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>Fedor I. Kuzminov</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-2><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span class=name><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>Jisoo Park</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span class=name><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>SangHoon Lee</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-2><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span class=name><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>Paul G. Falkowski</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-3><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a><span
class=xref-sep><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'>,</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-3"
id=xref-aff-3-1><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>3</span></sup></a><span
class=xref-sep><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'>,</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>†</span></a>,<span
class=name><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>Maxim
Y. Gorbunov</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-4><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a><span
class=xref-sep><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'>,</span></b></span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-2><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>†</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#xref-fn-1-1"><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#37588A'>↵</span></a><span
class=fn-label><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>*</span></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></span>Present address: Institute of Marine and
Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA. <a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6270/264?utm_campaign=email-sci-toc&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=211831#xref-corresp-1-1"><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>↵</span></a><span class=corresp-label><span
style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'>†</span></span><strong><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666;font-weight:normal'>Corresponding
author. E-mail:</span></strong><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span
class=em-addr><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'><a
href="mailto:falko@marine.rutgers.edu"><span style='color:#37588A;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>falko@marine.rutgers.edu</span></a></span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><strong><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666;font-weight:normal'>(P.G.F.);</span></strong><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'> </span></b></span><span class=em-addr><b><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666'><a
href="mailto:gorbunov@marine.rutgers.edu"><span style='color:#37588A;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>gorbunov@marine.rutgers.edu</span></a></span></b></span><strong><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666;font-weight:normal'>(M.Y.G.)</span></strong><b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.65pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo3;
background:white;box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s'
id=p-1><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
color:#666666'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#666666'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:#F2F2F2'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Using solar energy suboptimally<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;box-sizing: inherit;
transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-2><span style='font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>How efficient are phytoplankton at
converting sunlight into the products of photosynthesis? The two other pathways
that that absorbed energy can take are emission back to the environment by
fluorescence or conversion to heat. Lin<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>et al.</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>measured phytoplankton fluorescence
lifetimes in the laboratory and combined them with satellite measurements of
variable chlorophyll fluorescence. Combined, they determined the quantum yields
of photochemistry and fluorescence in four ocean basins. <u>Approximately 60%
of absorbed solar energy is converted to heat, a figure 50% higher than has
been determined for conditions of optimal growth</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-3><em><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Science</span></em><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>, this issue p.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aab2213"><span
style='color:#37588A'>264</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F2F2F2'><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin-top:0in;background:#F2F2F2;box-sizing: inherit;font-size:
1.5rem'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-5><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Solar radiation
absorbed by marine phytoplankton can follow three possible paths. By
simultaneously measuring the quantum yields of photochemistry and chlorophyll
fluorescence in situ<em><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>we calculate that, on average, ~60% of
absorbed photons are converted to heat, only 35% are directed toward
photochemical water splitting, and the rest are reemitted as fluorescence. The
spatial pattern of fluorescence yields and lifetimes strongly suggests that <u>photochemical
energy conversion is physiologically limited by nutrients</u>. Comparison of in
situ fluorescence lifetimes with satellite retrievals of solar-induced
fluorescence yields suggests that the mean values of the latter are generally
representative of the photophysiological state of phytoplankton; however, the
signal-to-noise ratio is unacceptably low in extremely oligotrophic regions,
which constitute 30% of the open ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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