<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12 (filtered medium)">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h2
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
h3
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.EstiloCorreo17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:windowtext;}
span.Ttulo2Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 2 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Ttulo3Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 3 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
span.mb
{mso-style-name:mb;}
p.caff, li.caff, div.caff
{mso-style-name:caff;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.prdates, li.prdates, div.prdates
{mso-style-name:prdates;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.hidden
{mso-style-name:hidden;}
p.abs, li.abs, div.abs
{mso-style-name:abs;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
..MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1319461795;
mso-list-template-ids:1767516284;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>Heredity</i><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span>(2016)<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><b>116,</b><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black'> </span></span>378–383;
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>doi:10.1038/hdy.2015.109; <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>published online 13 January 2016<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Do
hatchery-reared sea urchins pose a threat to genetic diversity in wild
populations<span class=mb><span style='color:black'>?</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='orphans: auto;widows: 1;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
word-spacing:0px' id=aug><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>M Segovia-Viadero</span><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#aff1"
title="affiliated with 1"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>1</span></a></span></sup><sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>,</span></sup><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#aff2"
title="affiliated with 2"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>2</span></a></span></sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, E A Serrão</span><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#aff1"
title="affiliated with 1"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>1</span></a></span></sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, J C Canteras-Jordana</span><sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#aff3"
title="affiliated with 3"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>3</span></a></span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> </span></span><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>and
M Gonzalez-Wangüemert</span><sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#aff1"
title="affiliated with 1"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>1</span></a></span></sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><sup><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1</span></sup><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>CCMAR, Universidade do
Algarve, Gambelas, Faro, Portugal <sup>2</sup>Departamento de Ciencias del Mar
y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Campus de San Vicente de Raspeig,
Alicante, Spain <sup>3</sup>Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas del Agua y del
Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Cantabria, ETS de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales
y Puertos, Santander, Spain. Correspondence: M Segovia-Viadero, E-mail:<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:black'> </span></span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="mailto:msegoviaviadero@hotmail.com"><span lang=ES style='color:#663399'>msegoviaviadero@hotmail.com</span></a></span><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v116/n4/abs/hdy2015109a.html?WT..ec_id=HDY-201604&spMailingID=50872484&spUserID=MTc2MTM5MjAwNAS2&spJobID=881094978&spReportId=ODgxMDk0OTc4S0#top"><span
style='font-size:7.5pt;color:white'>Top<span class=hidden>of page</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#968EB0'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:white'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=abs style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black'>In salmonids, the release of
hatchery-reared fish has been shown to cause irreversible genetic impacts on
wild populations. However, although responsible practices for producing and
releasing genetically diverse, hatchery-reared juveniles have been published
widely, they are rarely implemented. Here, we investigated genetic differences
between wild and early-generation hatchery-reared populations of the purple sea
urchin <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>(a
commercially important species in Europe) to assess whether hatcheries were
able to maintain natural levels of genetic diversity. To test the hypothesis
that hatchery rearing would cause bottleneck effects (that is, a substantial
reduction in genetic diversity and differentiation from wild populations), we
compared the levels and patterns of genetic variation between two hatcheries
and four nearby wild populations, using samples from both Spain and Ireland. We
found that hatchery-reared populations were less diverse and had diverged
significantly from the wild populations, with a very small effective population
size and a high degree of relatedness between individuals. These results raise
a number of concerns about the genetic impacts of their release into wild
populations, particularly when such a degree of differentiation can occur in a
single generation of hatchery rearing. Consequently, we suggest that caution
should be taken when using hatchery-reared individuals to augment fisheries,
even for marine species with high dispersal capacity, and we provide some
recommendations to improve hatchery rearing and release practices. Our results
further highlight the need to consider the genetic risks of releasing
hatchery-reared juveniles into the wild during the establishment of restocking,
stock enhancement and sea ranching programs.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<br /><br />
<hr style='border:none; color:#909090; background-color:#B0B0B0; height: 1px; width: 99%;' />
<table style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;'>
<tr>
<td style='border:none;padding:0px 15px 0px 8px'>
<a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">
<img border=0 src="http://static.avast.com/emails/avast-mail-stamp.png" />
</a>
</td>
<td>
<p style='color:#3d4d5a; font-family:"Calibri","Verdana","Arial","Helvetica"; font-size:12pt;'>
This email is free from viruses and malware because <a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">avast! Antivirus</a> protection is active.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
</body>
</html>