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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><i>Nature </i><b>531, </b>432–434<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>(24 March 2016)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>doi:10.1038/531432a<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Long
regarded as minor players in ocean ecology, jellyfish are actually important
parts of the marine food web<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:20.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222;letter-spacing:-.4pt'>The secret lives of jellyfish</span></b><span
style='font-size:20.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222;
letter-spacing:-.4pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=vcard><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#auth-1"><span
style='color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Garry
Hamilton</span></a></span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>22
March 2016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0">http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;
background:#ECECEC'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><img border=0 width=630
height=412 id="Imagen_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D18936.CBEAFF70"
alt="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.35163.1458567038!/image/HIGH_NationalGeographic_1579014.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/HIGH_NationalGeographic_1579014.jpg"></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=credit align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;background:#ECECEC'><i><span style='font-size:7.5pt;
color:#999999'>Jeff Wildermuth/Natl Geogr. Creative<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=caption align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;background:#ECECEC'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>Moon jellyfish (<i>Aurelia aurita</i>) contain more
calories than some other jellyfish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=caption align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;background:#ECECEC'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Jennifer
Purcell watches intently as the boom of the research ship<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>Skookum</i><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>slowly eases a 3-metre-long plankton
net out of Puget Sound near Olympia, Washington. The marine biologist sports a
rain suit, which seems odd for a sunny day in August until the bottom of the
net is manoeuvred in her direction, its mesh straining from a load of moon
jellyfish (<i>Aurelia aurita</i>). Slime drips from the bulging net, and long
tentacles dangle like a scene from an alien horror film. But it does not bother
Purcell, a researcher at Western Washington University's marine centre in
Anacortes. Pushing up her sleeves, she plunges in her hands and begins to count
and measure the messy haul with an assuredness borne from nearly 40 years
studying these animals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Most
marine scientists do not share her enthusiasm for the creatures. Purcell has
spent much of her career locked in a battle to find funding and to convince
ocean researchers that jellyfish deserve attention. But she hasn't had much
luck. One problem is the challenges that come with trying to study organisms
that are more than 95% water and get ripped apart in the nets typically used to
collect other marine animals. On top of that, outside the small community of
jellyfish researchers, many biologists regard the creatures as a dead end in
the food web — sacs of salty water that provide almost no nutrients for
predators except specialized ones such as leatherback sea turtles (<i>Dermochelys
coriacea</i>), which are adapted to consume jellies in large quantities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“It's
been very, very hard to convince fisheries scientists that jellies are
important,” says Purcell.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But
that's starting to change. Among the crew today are two fish biologists from
the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) whose research
had previously focused on the region's rich salmon stocks. A few years ago,
they discovered that salmon prey such as herring and smelt tend to congregate
in different areas of the sound from jellyfish<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b1"
title="Rice, C. A., Duda, J. J., Greene, C. M. & Karr, J. R. Mar. Coast. Fish. 4, 117–128 (2012)."
id=ref-link-1><span style='color:#5C7996'>1</span></a></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>and they are now trying to understand
the ecological factors at work and how they might be affecting stocks of
valuable fish species. But first, the researchers need to know how many
jellyfish are out there. For this, the team is taking a multipronged approach.
They use a seaplane to record the number and location of jellyfish
aggregations, or 'smacks', scattered about the sound. And on the research ship,
a plankton net has been fitted with an underwater camera to reveal how deep the
smacks reach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><img border=0 width=630 height=417 id="Imagen_x0020_3"
src="cid:image002.jpg@01D18936.CBEAFF70"
alt="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.35212.1458646521!/image/017_Aerial_Krembs.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/017_Aerial_Krembs.jpg"></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;color:#999999'>Christopher Krembs<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration use a plane to survey swarms of moon jellyfish, which show up as
curvy white streaks in an arm of Puget Sound, Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Correigh
Greene, one of the NOAA scientists on board, says that if salmon populations
are affected in some way by jellyfish, “then we need to be tracking
them”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>From
the fjords of Norway to the vast open ocean waters of the South Pacific,
researchers are taking advantage of new tools and growing<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/ocean-sciences-follow-the-fish-1.13886"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>concern about marine health</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>to probe more deeply into the roles
that jellyfish and other soft-bodied creatures have in the oceans. Initially
this was driven by reports of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/coastal-havoc-boosts-jellies-1.16236"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>unusually large jellyfish blooms wreaking havoc</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>in Asia, Europe and elsewhere, which
triggered fears that<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/marine-ecology-attack-of-the-blobs-1.9929"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>jellyfish were taking over the oceans</span></a>. But
mounting evidence is starting to convince some marine ecologists that
gelatinous organisms are not as irrelevant as previously presumed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Some
studies show that the animals are important consumers of everything from
microscopic zooplankton to small fish, others suggest that jellies have value
as prey for a wide range of species, including penguins, lobsters and bluefin
tuna. There's also evidence that they might enhance the flow of nutrients and
energy between the species that live in the sunlit surface waters and those in
the impoverished darkness below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“We're
all busy looking up at the top of the food chain,” says Andrew Jeffs, a
marine biologist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. “But it's
the stuff that fills the bucket and looks like jelly snot that is actually
really important in terms of the planet and the way food chains operate.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#111111'>A mass of mush<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The
animals in question are descendants of some of Earth's oldest multicellular
life forms. The earliest known jellyfish fossil dates to more than 550 million
years ago, but some researchers estimate that they may have been around for 700
million years, appearing long before fish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>They're
also surprisingly diverse. Some are tiny filter feeders that can prey on the
zooplankton that few other animals can exploit. Others are giant predators with
bells up to two metres in diameter and tentacles long enough to wrap around a
school bus — three times. Jellyfish belong to the phylum Cnidaria and
have stinging cells that are potent enough in some species to kill a human.
Some researchers use the term jellyfish, or 'jellies' for short, to refer to
all of the squishy forms in the ocean. But others prefer the designation of
'gelatinous zooplankton' because it reflects the amazing diversity among these
animals that sit in many different phyla: some species are closer on the tree
of life to humans than they are to other jellies. Either way, the common
classification exists mainly for one dominant shared feature — a body
plan that is based largely on water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>This
structure can make gelatinous organisms hard to see. Many are also
inaccessible, living far out at sea or deep below the light zone. They often
live in scattered aggregations that are prone to dramatic population swings,
making them difficult to census. Lacking hard parts, they're extremely fragile.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“It's
hard to find jellyfish in the guts of predators,” says Purcell.
“They're digested very fast and they turn to mush soon after they're
eaten.”<a name=cuisine></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;
background:#ECECEC'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><img border=0 width=630
height=614 id="Imagen_x0020_6" src="cid:image003.png@01D18936.CBEAFF70"
alt="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.35164.1458574125!/image/nature_NF_Jellyfish-calories_26.03.2016_WEB.png_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/nature_NF_Jellyfish-calories_26.03.2016_WEB.png"></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=credit align=right style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
right;background:#ECECEC'><i><span lang=FR style='font-size:7.5pt;color:#999999'>Sources:
J. Spitz et al. J. Mar. Sci.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>67</b>,
909–915 (2010); T. K. Doyle et al. </span></i><i><span style='font-size:
7.5pt;color:#999999'>J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>343</b>,
239–252 (2007)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>For
most marine biologists, running into a mass of jellyfish is nothing but trouble
because their collection nets get choked with slime. “It's not just that
we overlooked them,” says Jonathan Houghton at Queen's University
Belfast, UK. “We actively avoided them.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But
over the past decade and a half, jellyfish have become increasingly difficult
to ignore. Enormous blooms along the Mediterranean coast, a frequent summer
occurrence since 2003, have forced beaches to close and left thousands of
bathers nursing painful stings. In 2007, venomous jellyfish drifted into a salmon
farm in Northern Ireland, killing its entire stock of 100,000 fish. On several
occasions, nuclear power plants have temporarily shut down operations owing to
jelly-clogged intake pipes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The
news spurred scientists to take a closer look at the creatures. Marine
biologist Luis Cardona at the University of Barcelona in Spain had been
studying mostly sea turtles and sea lions. But around 2006, he shifted some of
his attention to jellyfish after large summer blooms of mauve stingers (<i>Pelagia
noctiluca</i>) had become a recurring problem for Spain's beach-goers. Cardona
was particularly concerned by speculation that the jellyfish were on the
rampage because overfishing had reduced the number of predators. “That
idea didn't have very good scientific support,” he says. “But it
was what people and politicians were basing their decisions on, so I decided to
look into it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>For
this he turned to stable-isotope analysis, a technique that uses the chemical
fingerprint of carbon and nitrogen in the tissue of animals to tell what they
have eaten. When Cardona's team analysed 20 species of predator and 13
potential prey, it was surprised to find that jellies had a major role in the
diets of bluefin tuna (<i>Thunnus thynnus</i>), little tunny (<i>Euthynnus
alletteratus</i>) and spearfish (<i>Tetrapturus belone</i>)<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b2"
title="Cardona, L., Álvarez de Quevedo, I., Borrell, A. & Aguilar, A. PLoS ONE 7, e31329 (2012)."
id=ref-link-2><span style='color:#5C7996'>2</span></a></sup>. In the case of
juvenile bluefins, jellyfish and other gelatinous animals represented up to 80%
of the total food intake. “According to our models they are probably one
of the most important prey for juvenile bluefin tuna,” says Cardona.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#3D3D3D'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#EEEEEE'>Jellyfish in the food web<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#3D3D3D'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#EEEEEE'>At the bottom of a fjord in Norway, an
underwater camera captures hagfish, crabs, lobsters and other creatures
consuming dead jellyfish. Courtesy: Andrew K. Sweetman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Some
researchers have challenged the findings, arguing that stable-isotope results
can't always distinguish between prey that have similar diets — jellyfish
and krill both eat phytoplankton, for instance. “I'm sure it's not
true,” Purcell says of the diet analysis. Fast-moving fish, she says,
“have the highest energy requirements of anything that's out there. They
need fish to eat — something high quality, high calorie.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But
Cardona stands by the results, pointing out that stomach-content analyses on
fish such as tuna have found jellyfish, but not krill. What's more, he
conducted a different diet study<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b3"
title="Cardona, L., Martínez-Iñigo, L., Mateo, R. & González-Solís, J. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 531, 1–14 (2015)."
id=ref-link-3><span style='color:#5C7996'>3</span></a></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>that used fatty acids as a signature,
which supported his earlier results on jellyfish, he says. “They're
probably playing a more relevant role in the pelagic ecosystem of the western
Mediterranean than we originally thought.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Researchers
are reaching the same conclusion elsewhere in the world. On an expedition to
Antarctica in 2010–11, molecular ecologist Simon Jarman gathered nearly
400 scat samples to get a better picture of the diet of Adélie penguins (<i>Pygoscelis
adeliae</i>), a species thought to be threatened by global warming. Jarman, who
works at the Australian Antarctic Division in Kingston, reported in 2013 that
DNA analysis of the samples revealed that jellyfish are a common part of the
penguin's diet<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b4"
title="Jarman, S. N. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e82227 (2013)." id=ref-link-4><span
style='color:#5C7996'>4</span></a></sup>. Work that has yet to be published
suggests the same is true for other Southern Ocean seabirds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“Albatrosses,
gentoo penguins, king penguins, macaroni and rockhopper penguins — all of
them eat jellyfish to some extent,” says Jarman (see<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#cuisine"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>'Lean cuisine'</span></a>). “Even though jellyfish
may not be the most calorifically important food source in any area, they're
everywhere in the ocean and they're contributing something to many top-level
predators.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>And
some parts of jellyfish hold more calories than others. Fish have been observed
eating only the gonads of reproductive-stage jellyfish, suggesting a knack for
zeroing in on the most energy-rich tissues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Through
DNA analyses, researchers are also discovering more about how jellyfish
function as refuges in the open ocean. Scientists have long known that small
fish, crustaceans and a wide range of other animals latch on to jellyfish to
get free rides. But in the past few years, it has become clear that the
hitchhikers also dine on their transport.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In
the deep waters of the South Pacific and Indian oceans, Jeffs has been studying
the elusive early life stages of the spiny lobster (<i>Panulirus cygnus</i>).
During a 2011 plankton-collecting expedition 350 kilometres off the coast of
Western Australia, he and his fellow researchers hauled in a large salp (<i>Thetys
vagina</i>), a common barrel-shaped gelatinous animal. The catch also included
dozens of lobster larvae, including six that were embedded in the salp itself.
DNA analysis of the lobsters' stomach glands revealed that the larvae had been
feeding on their hosts<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b5"
title="O'Rorke, R. et al. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 72 (Suppl. 1), i124–i127 (2014)."
id=ref-link-5><span style='color:#5C7996'>5</span></a></sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Jeffs
now suspects that these crustaceans, which support a global fishery worth
around US$2 billion a year, depend heavily on this relationship. “What
makes the larvae so successful in the open ocean,” he says, “is
that they can cling to what is basically a big piece of floating meat, like a
jellyfish or a big salp, and feed on it for a couple of weeks without exerting
any energy at all.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;
background:#ECECEC'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><img border=0 width=630
height=420 id="Imagen_x0020_10" src="cid:image004.jpg@01D18936.CBEAFF70"
alt="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.35213.1458646584!/image/021_Aerial_Krembs_Field.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/021_Aerial_Krembs_Field.jpg"></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=credit align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;background:#ECECEC'><i><span style='font-size:7.5pt;
color:#999999'>Christopher Krembs<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=caption align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;background:#ECECEC'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>Large masses of moon jellyfish float along the surface
in an inlet near Olympia, Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=caption align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:17.85pt;background:#ECECEC'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#111111'>Where did they go?<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Researchers
are starting to recognize that jellyfish are important for other reasons, such
as transferring nutrients from one part of the ocean to another. Biological
oceanographer Andrew Sweetman at the International Research Institute of
Stavanger in Norway has seen this in his studies of 'jelly falls', a term
coined to describe what happens when blooms crash and a large number of dead
jellies sink rapidly to the sea floor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In
November 2010, Sweetman began to periodically lower a camera rig 400 metres to
the bottom of Lurefjorden in southwestern Norway to track the fate of this
fjord's dense population of jellyfish<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b6"
title="Sweetman, A. K., Smith, C. R., Dale, T. & Jones, D. O. B. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20142210 (2014)."
id=ref-link-6><span style='color:#5C7996'>6</span></a></sup>. Previous
observations from elsewhere had suggested that dead jellies pile up and rot,
lowering oxygen levels and creating toxic conditions. But Sweetman was
surprised to find almost no dead jellies on the sea floor. “It didn't
make sense.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>He
worked out what was happening in 2012, when he returned to the fjord and
lowered traps baited with dead jellyfish and rigged with video cameras. The
footage from the bottom of the fjord showed scavengers rapidly consuming the
jellies. “We had just assumed that nothing was going to be eating
them,” he says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Back
on land, Sweetman calculated<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b7"
title="Sweetman, A. K. & Chapman, A. Front. Mar. Sci. 2, 47 (2015)."
id=ref-link-7><span style='color:#5C7996'>7</span></a></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>that jelly falls increased the amount
of nitrogen reaching the bottom by as much as 160%. That energy is going back
into the food web instead of getting lost through decay, as researchers had
thought. He's since found similar results using remotely operated vehicles at
much greater depths in remote parts of the Pacific Ocean. “It's
overturning the paradigm that jellyfish are dead ends in the food web,”
says Sweetman.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Such
discoveries have elicited mixed responses. For Richard Brodeur, a NOAA fisheries
biologist based in Newport, Oregon, the latest findings do not change the fact
that fish and tiny crustaceans such as krill are the main nutrient source for
most of the species that are valued by humans. If jellyfish are important, he
argues, it is in the impact they can have as competitors and predators when
their numbers get out of control. In one of his current studies, he's found
that commercially valuable salmon species such as coho (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>)
and Chinook (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) that are caught where jellyfish
are abundant have less food in their stomachs compared with those taken from
where jellies are rare, suggesting that jellyfish may have negative impacts on
key fish species. “If you want fish resources,” he says,
“having a lot of jellyfish is probably not going to help.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But
other researchers see the latest findings as reason to temper the growing
vilification of jellyfish. In a 2013 book chapter<sup><a
href="http://www.nature.com/news/the-secret-lives-of-jellyfish-1.19613?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20160324&spMailingID=50997843&spUserID=MTc2NjE2MjAwMAS2&spJobID=883109801&spReportId=ODgzMTA5ODAxS0#b8"
title="Doyle, T. K., Hays, G. C., Harrod, C. & Houghton, J. D. R. in Jellyfish Blooms 105–127 (Springer, 2013)."
id=ref-link-8><span style='color:#5C7996'>8</span></a></sup>, Houghton and his
three co-authors emphasized the positive side of jellies in response to what
they saw as “the flippant manner in which wholesale removal of jellyfish
from marine systems is discussed”. As scientists gather more data, they hope
to get a better sense of exactly what role jellyfish have in various ocean
regions. If jellies turn out to be as important as some data now suggest, the
population spikes that have made the headlines in the past decade could have
much wider repercussions than previously imagined.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Back
in Puget Sound, Greene is using a camera installed on a net to gather census
data on a jellyfish smack. He watches video from the netcam as it slowly
descends through a dense mass of creamy white spheres. At a depth of around 10
metres, the jelly curtain finally begins to thin out. Later, Greene makes a
crude estimate. “Two point five to three million,” he says, before
adding after a brief pause, “that's a lot of jellyfish.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.8pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>A
more careful count will come later. Right now there's plenty of slime to be
hosed off the back deck. Once that's taken care of, the ship's engines come to
life. The next jellyfish patch awaits.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.75pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;color:#444444;letter-spacing:
-.4pt'><a href="javascript:;"><span style='color:#444444'>References</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;
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<a
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class=apple-converted-space> </span>(<span class=year>2014</span>). <a
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu163"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Article</span></a>
<a href="javascript:;"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=fn>Sweetman, A. K.</span>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=fn>Smith, C. R.</span>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=fn>Dale, T.</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>&<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Jones, D. O. B.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=source-title><i>Proc. R.
Soc. B</i></span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=volume><b>281</b></span>, 20142210 (<span class=year>2014</span>). <a
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2210"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Article</span></a>
<a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=25320167&dopt=Abstract"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>PubMed</span></a> <a href="javascript:;"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;
margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=fn>Sweetman, A. K.</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>&<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Chapman, A.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=source-title><i>Front.
Mar. Sci.</i></span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=volume><b>2</b></span>, 47 (<span class=year>2015</span>). <a
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00047"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Article</span></a>
<a href="javascript:;"><span style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span class=fn>Doyle, T. K.</span>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Hays, G. C.</span>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Harrod, C.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>&<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=fn>Houghton, J. D. R.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>in<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=book-title><i>Jellyfish Blooms</i></span><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=start-page>105</span>–<span
class=end-page>127</span>(Springer, 2013). <a href="javascript:;"><span
style='color:#5C7996'>Show context</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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