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<p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nature
</span></i><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>532</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 504–507<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(28
April 2016)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>doi:10.1038/nature17652<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Published
online 20 April 2016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In
situ<span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:
-.4pt'> </span></span>imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the
global ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-1"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Tristan Biard</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-2"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Lars Stemmann</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-3"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Marc Picheral</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-4"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Nicolas Mayot</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-5"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Pieter Vandromme</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-6"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Helena Hauss</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-7"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Gabriel Gorsky</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-8"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Lionel Guidi</span></span></a><span
class=comma>,</span> <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-9"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Rainer Kiko</span></span></a>
&<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160428&spMailingID=51249830&spUserID=MjA1NTE2ODQxMAS2&spJobID=903461217&spReportId=OTAzNDYxMjE3S0#auth-10"><span
class=fn><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Fabrice Not</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Planktonic
organisms play crucial roles in oceanic food webs and global biogeochemical
cycles</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref1"
title="Behrenfeld, M. J. et al. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444, 752–755 (2006)"
id=ref-link-21><span style='color:#5C7996'>1</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref2"
title="Beaugrand, G., Edwards, M. & Legendre, L. Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and carbon cycles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 10120–10124 (2010)"
id=ref-link-22><span style='color:#5C7996'>2</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. Most of our knowledge about the
ecological impact of large zooplankton stems from research on abundant and
robust crustaceans, and in particular copepods</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref3"
title="Buitenhuis, E. et al. Biogeochemical fluxes through mesozooplankton. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB2003 (2006)"
id=ref-link-23><span style='color:#5C7996'>3</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref4"
title="Rombouts, I. et al. Global latitudinal variations in marine copepod diversity and environmental factors. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 276, 3053–3062 (2009)"
id=ref-link-24><span style='color:#5C7996'>4</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. A number of the other organisms that
comprise planktonic communities are fragile, and therefore hard to sample and
quantify, meaning that their abundances and effects on oceanic ecosystems are
poorly understood. Here, using data from a worldwide<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>in situ</i><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>imaging survey of plankton larger than
600</span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>μm, we show that a substantial part of
the biomass of this size fraction consists of giant protists belonging to the
Rhizaria, a super-group of mostly fragile unicellular marine organisms that
includes the taxa Phaeodaria and Radiolaria (for example, orders Collodaria and
Acantharia). Globally, we estimate that rhizarians in the top 200</span><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>m of world oceans represent a standing stock of 0.089</span><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Pg carbon, equivalent to 5.2% of the total oceanic biota
carbon reservoir</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref5"
title="Buitenhuis, E. T. et al. MAREDAT: towards a world atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 5, 227–239 (2013)"
id=ref-link-25><span style='color:#5C7996'>5</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>. In the vast oligotrophic
intertropical open oceans, rhizarian biomass is estimated to be equivalent to
that of all other mesozooplankton (plankton in the size range 0.2–20</span><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>mm). The photosymbiotic association of many rhizarians
with microalgae may be an important factor in explaining their distribution.
The previously overlooked importance of these giant protists across the widest ecosystem
on the planet</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v532/n7600/full/nature17652.html#ref6"
title="Polovina, J. J., Howell, E. A. & Abecassis, M. Ocean’s least productive waters are expanding. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L03618 (2008)"
id=ref-link-26><span style='color:#5C7996'>6</span></a></span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>changes our understanding of marine
planktonic ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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