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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Journal of Fish Biology<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>First
published:</span></b></span><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>17 June 2016</span><span style='font-size:7.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>DOI:</span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span class=article-headermeta-info-data><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>10.1111/jfb.13016</span></span><span
style='font-size:7.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.8pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.8pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Fish biodiversity and conservation in South
America<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>R. E. Reis, </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:
normal'>J. S. Albert,</span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>F.
Di Dario,</span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'> </span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>M. M. Mincarone,</span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:
normal'>P. Petry, L. A. Rocha<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3;background:
white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>0.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America
are the most diverse on Earth, with current species richness estimates standing
above 9100 species. In addition, over the last decade at least 100 species were
described every year. There are currently about 5160 freshwater fish species,
and the estimate for the freshwater fish fauna alone points to a final
diversity between 8000 and 9000 species. South America also has<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>c.</span></i><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>4000
species of marine fishes. The mega-diverse fish faunas of South America evolved
over a period of >100 million years, with most lineages tracing origins to
Gondwana and the adjacent Tethys Sea. This high diversity was in part
maintained by escaping the mass extinctions and biotic turnovers associated
with Cenozoic climate cooling, the formation of boreal and temperate zones at
high latitudes and aridification in many places at equatorial latitudes. The
fresh waters of the continent are divided into 13 basin complexes, large basins
consolidated as a single unit plus historically connected adjacent coastal
drainages, and smaller coastal basins grouped together on the basis of
biogeographic criteria. Species diversity, endemism, noteworthy groups and
state of knowledge of each basin complex are described. Marine habitats around
South America, both coastal and oceanic, are also described in terms of fish
diversity, endemism and state of knowledge. Because of extensive land use
changes, hydroelectric damming, water divergence for irrigation, urbanization,
sedimentation and overfishing 4–10% of all fish species in South America
face some degree of extinction risk, mainly due to habitat loss and
degradation. These figures suggest that the conservation status of South
American freshwater fish faunas is better than in most other regions of the world,
but the marine fishes are as threatened as elsewhere. Conserving the remarkable
aquatic habitats and fishes of South America is a growing challenge in face of
the rapid anthropogenic changes of the 21st century, and deserves attention
from conservationists and policy makers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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