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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Journal
of Fish Biology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>First published:</span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>26 May 2016 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>DOI:</span></b></span><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span class=article-headermeta-info-data><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>10.1111/jfb.12970</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.8pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.8pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Special challenges in the
conservation of fishes and aquatic environments of South America<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>M. F. Costa, </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:
normal'>M. Barletta<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo3;background:
white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>0.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:7.5pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#414141'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In
South America, the conservation of natural resources, particularly in relation
to water and aquatic fauna, is an often-discussed issue. Unfortunately, there
is still a large gap between thoughts and action. Scientists from different
countries of the continent have however, produced a significant body of
literature that should finally become the basis of emerging managerial models.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>////////////////////////////////<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Journal
of Fish Biology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>First published:</span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>17 June 2016 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>DOI:</span></b></span><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span class=article-headermeta-info-data><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>10.1111/jfb.13016</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.8pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Fish biodiversity and
conservation in South America<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo7;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>R. E. Reis, </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:
normal'>J. S. Albert,</span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>F.
Di Dario,</span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'> </span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>M. M. Mincarone,</span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:
normal'>P. Petry, L. A. Rocha<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo7;background:
white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=ES
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>0.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#414141'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America
are the most diverse on Earth, with current species richness estimates standing
above 9100 species. In addition, over the last decade at least 100 species were
described every year. There are currently about 5160 freshwater fish species,
and the estimate for the freshwater fish fauna alone points to a final
diversity between 8000 and 9000 species. South America also has<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>c.</span></i><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>4000
species of marine fishes. The mega-diverse fish faunas of South America evolved
over a period of >100 million years, with most lineages tracing origins to
Gondwana and the adjacent Tethys Sea. This high diversity was in part
maintained by escaping the mass extinctions and biotic turnovers associated
with Cenozoic climate cooling, the formation of boreal and temperate zones at
high latitudes and aridification in many places at equatorial latitudes. The
fresh waters of the continent are divided into 13 basin complexes, large basins
consolidated as a single unit plus historically connected adjacent coastal
drainages, and smaller coastal basins grouped together on the basis of
biogeographic criteria. Species diversity, endemism, noteworthy groups and
state of knowledge of each basin complex are described. Marine habitats around
South America, both coastal and oceanic, are also described in terms of fish
diversity, endemism and state of knowledge. Because of extensive land use
changes, hydroelectric damming, water divergence for irrigation, urbanization,
sedimentation and overfishing 4–10% of all fish species in South America
face some degree of extinction risk, mainly due to habitat loss and
degradation. These figures suggest that the conservation status of South
American freshwater fish faunas is better than in most other regions of the world,
but the marine fishes are as threatened as elsewhere. Conserving the remarkable
aquatic habitats and fishes of South America is a growing challenge in face of
the rapid anthropogenic changes of the 21st century, and deserves attention
from conservationists and policy makers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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