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<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Global
Ecology and Biogeography<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>First published:</span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>22 June 2016 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>DOI:</span></b></span><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span class=article-headermeta-info-data><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>10.1111/geb.12485</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.05pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.05pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Retention of plankton within
ocean eddies<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'>Scott Condie, </span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>Ryan Condie<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo3;background:
white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>0.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1in;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Aim<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Mesoscale ocean eddies (closed circular currents
typically 100–300 km in diameter) are ubiquitous features of the world's
oceans. They form partially isolated environments with distinct physical and
chemical conditions capable of supporting and transporting whole plankton
communities. The productivity and biodiversity of these communities is
ultimately dependent on an eddy's ability to retain planktonic organisms. Our
aim was to estimate eddy retention time-scales across a range of oceanic
environments and larval behaviours, with implications for both distributions
and future changes in plankton communities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Location<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>The Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and
Mediterranean Sea.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>A particle-tracking model was forced using ocean currents
from a number of validated hydrodynamic models covering environments ranging
from shelf seas to the open ocean and equatorial to high-latitude waters.
Eddies were seeded with large numbers of particles and their rate of loss from
the eddy was used to estimate retention times. The influences of common
plankton swimming behaviours were explicitly captured in the model.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Results<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Eddy retention times of modelled plankton ranged from 5
to 67 days, with a median of 19 days. Retention times were not correlated with
latitude or eddy size. However, plankton residing near the surface of eddies
rotating cyclonically (anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) had
significantly shorter retention times than those residing in the same eddy at
depth, and vice versa for eddies rotating anticyclonically.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Main conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>We show that ocean eddies have the potential to retain
and support planktonic (and even nektonic) communities over many generations
and are likely to enhance larval survival for many invertebrate and fish
species. Differences in retention with depth suggest that cyclonic and
anticyclonic eddies will support differing plankton communities. If their
relative geographical distributions change with global climate, then the
relative proportions of diatom-based and dinoflagellate-based communities may
also change, with potential implications for higher trophic animals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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