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<p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span
class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Journal
of Biogeography<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>First published:</span></b></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>30 March 2016 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=article-headermeta-info-label><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>DOI:</span></b></span><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'> </span></b></span><span class=article-headermeta-info-data><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>10.1111/jbi.12744</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.05pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.05pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Upwelling areas as climate change
refugia for the distribution and genetic diversity of a marine macroalga<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'>Carla R. Lourenço, </span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>Gerardo I. Zardi,</span><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>Christopher
D. McQuaid,</span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'> </span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'>Ester A. Serrão,</span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";font-weight:normal'>Gareth
A. Pearson,</span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'> </span><span style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal'>Rita Jacinto, Katy R. Nicastro<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:3.75pt;
margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3;
background:white;vertical-align:baseline'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>0.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.1in;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Aim<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Global climate change has profound and diverse effects on
biological diversity. Identifying present-day climate refugia is an
increasingly recognized strategy for the management of biodiversity loss. Such
refugia are potential safe havens that enhance environmental diversity by
buffering the effects of large scale change, facilitating species persistence
at regional scales and conserving unique genetic diversity. Although their
ecological effects are well studied, the potential of upwelling centres to act
as refugia in a scenario of climate warming remains largely unexplored. Here,
we investigate whether upwelled waters act as refugia in a region heavily
affected by recent climatic changes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Location<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Shores of south-western Iberia and north-western Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>We compared changes in distribution of the canopy-forming
macroalga<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>Fucus guiryi</span></em><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>with
sea surface temperature patterns in five upwelling areas and adjacent warmer
regions. Population diversity and structure was inferred from genotypic
analyses using nine microsatellite loci.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Results<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>Fucus guiryi</span></em><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>has disappeared from large expanses of
non-upwelling shores, currently persisting in areas characterized by strong
upwelling and reduced or non-significant rates of warming. Populations of<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>F. guiryi</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>were more abundant towards upwelling
centres. Furthermore, the genetic characterization of populations revealed
distinct genetic groups associated with each upwelling system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.45pt;
margin-left:0in;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;background-position-x:
0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black;font-weight:normal'>Main conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;
background-position-x:0px;background-position-y:0px'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Within a large region of predominantly changing climate, <u>we
highlight the fundamental importance of upwelling areas as favourable,
comparatively stable climates </u>where<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>F. guiryi</span></em>has retreated and persists, preserving unique
portions of the species’ genetic pool.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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