<div dir="ltr">Buen día Sr. Mario Cabrejos<div><br></div><div>Por favor puede enviarme el paper completo en caso lo tuviera.</div><div><br></div><div>Saludos y éxitos este 2018.</div><div><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">El 5 de enero de 2018, 18:42, Mario Cabrejos <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:casal@infotex.com.pe" target="_blank">casal@infotex.com.pe</a>></span> escribió:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">*Lista Oannes, fundada el 11 de Octubre de 1996*<br>
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OANNES "SEÑOR DE LAS OLAS"<br>
Foro Hispano Americano de Intercambio<br>
de Información sobre Temas de Mar.<br>
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<div class="m_-4059448323087649073Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><cite><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Science </span></cite><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">05 Jan 2018:<br>
Vol. 359, Issue 6371, eaam7240<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7240<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-weight:normal"><u></u> <u></u></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;background:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-weight:normal">Declining oxygen in the global ocean and
coastal waters<u></u><u></u></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:white"><u></u><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">Denise
Breitburg</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-1" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-award-group-2-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">1</span></sup></a></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073xref-sep"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#corresp-1" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-corresp-1-1" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">*</span></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Lisa A. Levin</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-2" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-award-group-4-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">2</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Andreas Oschlies</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-3" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-award-group-1-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">3</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Marilaure Grégoire</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-4" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-award-group-5-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">4</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Francisco P. Chavez</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-5" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-5-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">5</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Daniel J. Conle</span></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">y</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-6" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-6-1" target="_blank"><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">6</span></sup></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Véronique Garçon</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-7" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-7-1" target="_blank"><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">7</span></sup></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Denis Gilbert</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-8" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-8-1" target="_blank"><sup><span lang="FR" style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">8</span></sup></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Dimitri Gutiérrez</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-9" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-9-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">9</span></sup></a></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073xref-sep"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-10" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-10-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">10</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Kirsten Isensee</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-11" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-11-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">11</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Gil S. Jacinto</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-12" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-12-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">12</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Karin E. Limburg</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-13" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-13-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">13</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Ivonne Montes</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-14" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-14-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">14</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">S. W. A. Naqvi</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-15" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-15-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">15</span></sup></a></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073xref-sep"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#fn-1" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-fn-1-1" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">†</span></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Grant C. Pitcher</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-16" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-16-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">16</span></sup></a></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073xref-sep"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"">,</span></span><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-17" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-17-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">17</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Nancy N. Rabalais</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-18" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-18-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">18</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Michael R. Roman</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-19" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-19-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">19</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Kenneth A. Rose</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-19" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-19-2" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">19</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Brad A. Seibel</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-20" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-20-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">20</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Maciej Telszewski</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-21" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-21-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">21</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Moriaki Yasuhara</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-22" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-22-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">22</span></sup></a>,<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073name">Jing Zhang</span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-23" id="m_-4059448323087649073xref-aff-23-1" target="_blank"><sup><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">23</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family:"Roboto","serif""><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing:inherit"><u></u><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Roboto","serif";color:#333333"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<h2 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1.5rem"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333">Beneath
the waves, oxygen disappears<u></u><u></u></span></h2>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-3"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">As plastic waste pollutes the oceans and
fish stocks decline, unseen below the surface another problem grows:
deoxygenation. Breitburg<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">et al.</span></em><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span>review the evidence for the downward
trajectory of oxygen levels in increasing areas of the open ocean and coastal
waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled with climate change—each resulting from
human activities—are changing ocean biogeochemistry and increasing oxygen
consumption. This results in destabilization of sediments and fundamental
shifts in the availability of key nutrients. In the short term, some
compensatory effects may result in improvements in local fisheries, such as in
cases where stocks are squeezed between the surface and elevated oxygen minimum
zones. In the longer term, these conditions are unsustainable and may result in
ecosystem collapses, which ultimately will cause societal and economic harm.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-4"><em><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Science</span></em><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">, this issue p.<span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam7240" target="_blank"><b><span style="color:#37588a">eaam7240</span></b></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<h2 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1.5rem"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Structured
Abstract<u></u><u></u></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1rem"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">BACKGROUND<u></u><u></u></span></h3>
<p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-5"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Oxygen concentrations in
both the open ocean and coastal waters have been declining since at least the
middle of the 20th century. This oxygen loss, or deoxygenation, is one of the
most important changes occurring in an ocean increasingly modified by human
activities that have raised temperatures, CO</span><sub><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">levels, and nutrient
inputs and have altered the abundances and distributions of marine species.
Oxygen is fundamental to biological and biogeochemical processes in the ocean.
Its decline can cause major changes in ocean productivity, biodiversity, and
biogeochemical cycles. Analyses of direct measurements at sites around the
world indicate that oxygen-minimum zones in the open ocean have expanded by
several million square kilometers and that hundreds of coastal sites now have
oxygen concentrations low enough to limit the distribution and abundance of
animal populations and alter the cycling of important nutrients.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1rem"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">ADVANCES<u></u><u></u></span></h3>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-6"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">In the open ocean, global warming, which is
primarily caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions, is considered the
primary cause of ongoing deoxygenation. Numerical models project further oxygen
declines during the 21st century, even with ambitious emission reductions.
Rising global temperatures decrease oxygen solubility in water, increase the
rate of oxygen consumption via respiration, and are predicted to reduce the
introduction of oxygen from the atmosphere and surface waters into the ocean
interior by increasing stratification and weakening ocean overturning
circulation.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-7"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">In estuaries and other coastal systems
strongly influenced by their watershed, oxygen declines have been caused by
increased loadings of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic matter,
primarily from agriculture; sewage; and the combustion of fossil fuels. In many
regions, further increases in nitrogen discharges to coastal waters are
projected as human populations and agricultural production rise. Climate change
exacerbates oxygen decline in coastal systems through similar mechanisms as
those in the open ocean, as well as by increasing nutrient delivery from
watersheds that will experience increased precipitation.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-8"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Expansion of low-oxygen
zones can increase production of N</span><sub><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">O, a potent greenhouse
gas; reduce eukaryote biodiversity; alter the structure of food webs; and
negatively affect food security and livelihoods. Both acidification and
increasing temperature are mechanistically linked with the process of
deoxygenation and combine with low-oxygen conditions to affect biogeochemical,
physiological, and ecological processes. However, an important paradox to
consider in predicting large-scale effects of future deoxygenation is that high
levels of productivity in nutrient-enriched coastal systems and upwelling areas
associated with oxygen-minimum zones also support some of the world’s most
prolific fisheries.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1rem"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">OUTLOOK<u></u><u></u></span></h3>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-9"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Major advances have been made toward
understanding patterns, drivers, and consequences of ocean deoxygenation, but
there is a need to improve predictions at large spatial and temporal scales
important to ecosystem services provided by the ocean. Improved numerical
models of oceanographic processes that control oxygen depletion and the
large-scale influence of altered biogeochemical cycles are needed to better
predict the magnitude and spatial patterns of deoxygenation in the open ocean,
as well as feedbacks to climate. Developing and verifying the next generation
of these models will require increased in situ observations and improved
mechanistic understanding on a variety of scales. Models useful for managing
nutrient loads can simulate oxygen loss in coastal waters with some skill, but
their ability to project future oxygen loss is often hampered by insufficient
data and climate model projections on drivers at appropriate temporal and
spatial scales. Predicting deoxygenation-induced changes in ecosystem services
and human welfare requires scaling effects that are measured on individual
organisms to populations, food webs, and fisheries stocks; considering combined
effects of deoxygenation and other ocean stressors; and placing an increased
research emphasis on developing nations. Reducing the impacts of other
stressors may provide some protection to species negatively affected by
low-oxygen conditions. Ultimately, though, limiting deoxygenation and its
negative effects will necessitate a substantial global decrease in greenhouse
gas emissions, as well as reductions in nutrient discharges to coastal waters.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6"><a href="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal waters affect processes ranging from biogeochemistry to food security. The global map indicates coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have exacerbated or caused O2 declines to " target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#37588a;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="440" height="199" id="m_-4059448323087649073Imagen_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.gif@01D38654.763FBDA0" alt="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.medium.gif"></span></b></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:5.65pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;background:#e6e6e6"><u></u><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:gray"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray"><a href="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg?download=true" title="Download Figure1" target="_blank"><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none"> </span></b></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073title"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none">Download
high-res image</span></b></span></a> <a href="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg" target="_blank"><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none"> </span></b></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073title"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none">Open in new tab</span></b></span></a>
<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/powerpoint/704191" target="_blank"><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none"> </span></b></span><span class="m_-4059448323087649073title"><b><span style="color:#37588a;text-decoration:none">Download Powerpoint</span></b></span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6"><span class="m_-4059448323087649073caption-title"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal
waters affect processes ranging from biogeochemistry to food security.</span></b></span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_-4059448323087649073first-child" style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">The global map indicates
coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have exacerbated or caused O</span><sub><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">2</span></sub><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">declines to <2 mg liter</span><sup><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">−1</span></sup><span class="m_-4059448323087649073apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">(<63 μmol liter</span><sup><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">−1</span></sup><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">) (red dots), as well as
ocean oxygen-minimum zones at 300 m of depth (blue shaded regions). [Map
created from data provided by R. Diaz, updated by members of the GO</span><sub><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">NE network, and
downloaded from the World Ocean Atlas 2009].<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<h2 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit;font-size:1.5rem"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Abstract<u></u><u></u></span></h2>
<p style="margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#e6e6e6;box-sizing:inherit" id="m_-4059448323087649073p-11"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333">Oxygen is fundamental to
life. Not only is it essential for the survival of individual animals, but it
regulates global cycles of major nutrients and carbon. The oxygen content of
the open ocean and coastal waters has been declining for at least the past half-century,
largely because of human activities that have increased global temperatures and
nutrients discharged to coastal waters. These changes have accelerated
consumption of oxygen by microbial respiration, reduced solubility of oxygen in
water, and reduced the rate of oxygen resupply from the atmosphere to the ocean
interior, with a wide range of biological and ecological consequences. Further
research is needed to understand and predict long-term, global- and
regional-scale oxygen changes and their effects on marine and estuarine
fisheries and ecosystems.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="text-align:center"><b><font face="garamond, serif" size="4" color="#073763"><span></span>Paco L. Quintana Effio.</font></b></div><div style="text-align:center"><font face="garamond, serif" size="4" color="#073763"><b>Laboratorio Costero de Paita.</b></font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font face="garamond, serif" size="4" color="#073763"><b>IMARPE</b></font></div></div></div></div></div>
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