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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29315309?dopt=Abstract&holding=npg"
title="PLoS biology."><span style='color:#660066'>PLoS Biol.</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:black'> </span></span>2018
Jan 9;16(1):e2003446. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>doi:
10.1371/journal.pbio.2003446. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:15.0pt;background:white;orphans: auto;
widows: 1;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px'><span
style='font-size:17.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Climate
change could drive marine food web collapse through altered trophic flows and
cyanobacterial proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ullah%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=29315309"><span
style='color:#660066'>Ullah H</span></a></span><sup><span style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Nagelkerken%20I%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=29315309"><span
style='color:#660066'>Nagelkerken I</span></a></span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>1,2</span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Goldenberg%20SU%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=29315309"><span
style='color:#660066'>Goldenberg SU</span></a></span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>1</span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fordham%20DA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=29315309"><span
style='color:#660066'>Fordham DA</span></a></span><sup><span style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>2</span></sup><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white;zoom: 1'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#985735'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.45pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Global warming and ocean
acidification are forecast to exert significant impacts on marine ecosystems
worldwide. However, most of these projections are based on ecological proxies
or experiments on single species or simplified food webs. How energy fluxes are
likely to change in marine food webs in response to future climates remains
unclear, hampering forecasts of ecosystem functioning. Using a sophisticated
mesocosm experiment, we model energy flows through a species-rich multilevel
food web, with live habitats, natural abiotic variability, and the potential
for intra- and intergenerational adaptation. We show experimentally that the
combined stress of acidification and warming reduced energy flows from the
first trophic level (primary producers and detritus) to the second
(herbivores), and from the second to the third trophic level (carnivores).
Warming in isolation also reduced the energy flow from herbivores to
carnivores, the efficiency of energy transfer from primary producers and
detritus to herbivores and detritivores, and the living biomass of
detritivores, herbivores, and carnivores. Whilst warming and acidification
jointly boosted primary producer biomass through an expansion of cyanobacteria,
this biomass was converted to detritus rather than to biomass at higher trophic
levels-i.e., production was constrained to the base of the food web. In
contrast, ocean acidification affected the food web positively by enhancing
trophic flow from detritus and primary producers to herbivores, and by
increasing the biomass of carnivores. Our results show how future climate
change can potentially weaken marine food webs through reduced energy flow to
higher trophic levels and a shift towards a more detritus-based system, leading
to food web simplification and altered producer-consumer dynamics, both of
which have important implications for the structuring of benthic communities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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