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<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Functional Ecology</span></b><span
class=epub-state><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>
<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=epub-state><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>First published: </span></span><span
class=epub-date><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>20
March 2018</span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13067"><span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none'>https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13067</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:22.5pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:22.5pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>Abiotic and biotic interactions in the
diffusive boundary layer of kelp blades create a potential refuge from ocean
acidification<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Noisette%2C+Fanny"
id="a1_Ctrl"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Fanny Noisette</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hurd%2C+Catriona"><span
style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Catriona Hurd</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#8B8B8B'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:19.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#414141;font-weight:normal'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:7.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white;
box-sizing: border-box'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>Seaweeds
are able to modify the chemical environment at their surface, in a micro</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>zone
called the diffusive boundary layer (DBL), via their metabolic processes
controlled by light intensity. Depending on the thickness of the DBL, sessile
invertebrates such as calcifying bryozoans or tube</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>forming
polychaetes living on the surface of the blades can be affected by the chemical
variations occurring in this microlayer. Especially in the context of ocean
acidification (OA), these microhabitats might be considered as a refuge from
lower pH, because during the day photosynthesis temporarily raises the pH to
values higher than in the mainstream seawater.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:7.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#1C1D1E'>We assessed the thickness and the characteristics of the DBL at
two pH levels (today's average surface ocean pH 8.1 and a reduced pH predicted
for the end of the century, pH 7.7) and seawater flows (slow, 0.5 and fast,
>8 cm/s) on<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>Ecklonia radiata</i><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>(kelp) blades. Oxygen and pH profiles
from the blade surface to the mainstream seawater were measured with O</span><sub><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>2</span></sub><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#1C1D1E'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>and pH microsensors for both bare blades
and blades colonized by the bryozoan<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>Membranipora
membranacea</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:7.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#1C1D1E'>The DBL was thicker in slow flow compared with fast flow and the
presence of bryozoans increased the DBL thickness and shaped the DBL gradient
in dark conditions. Net production was increased in the low pH condition,
increasing the amount of oxygen in the DBL in both bare and epiphytized blades.
This increase drove the daily pH fluctuations at the blade surface, shifting
them towards higher values compared with today's pH. The presence of bryozoans
led to lower oxygen concentrations in the DBL and more complex pH fluctuations
at the blade surface, particularly at pH 7.7.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:7.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#1C1D1E'>Overall, this study, based on microprofiles, shows that, in slow
flow, DBL microenvironments at the surface of the kelps may constitute a refuge
from OA with pH values higher than those of the mainstream seawater. For
calcifying organisms, it could also represent training ground for harsh
conditions, with broad daily pH and oxygen fluctuations. These chemical
microenvironments, biologically shaped by the macrophytes, are of great
interest for the resilience of coastal ecosystems in the context of global
change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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