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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>There’s
now an app for mapping seagrass, the oceans’ great carbon sink<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>by<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#292B2C'> </span></span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/by/basten-gokkon/"><span style='color:black'>Basten
Gokkon</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>14
June 2018 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>https://news.mongabay.com/wildtech/2018/06/theres-now-an-app-for-mapping-seagrass-the-oceans-great-carbon-sink/?utm_source=Mongabay+Email+Alerts&utm_campaign=4092845af9-mailchimp_climate_weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_e1ea8b5f35-4092845af9-76256527<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The launch of an online
crowdsourcing database for seagrass hopes to breathe new life into efforts to
conserve the underwater flowering plants, which act as both important habitats
for marine species and a major store of carbon dioxide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Patchy
mapping of seagrass meadows has hampered efforts to protect the plants (which
are distinct from seaweed) from threats such as coastal development,
sedimentation, coral farming and sand mining, according to Richard Unsworth, a
marine biologist at Swansea University in the U.K. and co-founder of
environmental charity<a href="http://www.projectseagrass.org/" target="_blank"><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#45AAE8;text-decoration:none'> </span></span><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>Project Seagrass</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
group on June 4 launched<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://seagrassspotter.org/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>SeagrassSpotter</span></a>,
a collaborative initiative that allows anyone with a camera to upload images of
seagrass sightings and tagged locations from anywhere in the world. The online
tool also provides species information to help ordinary users identify the
seagrass they find. The platform is accessible via website or mobile app for<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.seagrassspotter.seagrassspotter&hl=en_GB"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>Android</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>and<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/seagrass-spotter/id1122588337?mt=8"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>iOS</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=p1 style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“We’re asking
people visiting the coast or going out to sea — for diving, fishing,
kayaking — to keep their eyes out for seagrass so that they can take a
picture [to] upload to our website,” Unsworth told Mongabay. “The
more people that get involved the more likely we are to develop a better
understanding of the world’s seagrass.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Seagrasses grow in shallow
coastal regions, providing a crucial nursery habitat for young fish of many
species. Previous reports suggest that more than 600 species of fish in
Southeast Asia alone rely on these meadows for their growth and development.
Seagrass beds are also an important home for marine invertebrates, such as sea
cucumbers, prawns and crabs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=p1 style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Some seagrass meadows also
serve to store large quantities of so-called blue carbon, the carbon dioxide
absorbed by the world’s oceans and coastal ecosystems. It’s been
estimated that seagrass meadows may be able to store<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/2012/05/seagrass-beds-store-20-billion-tons-of-carbon/"><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>more CO2 in their roots than all the world’s
rainforests</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><img
border=0 width=768 height=512 id="Imagen_x0020_2"
src="cid:image001.png@01D43405.A609FBE0"
alt="https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/06/14020250/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-12.21.03-768x512.png"></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
online tool SeagrassSpotter aggregates reported sightings of seagrass
ecosystems from around the world to help in the effort to conserve the
underwater plants. Image courtesy of SeagrassSpotter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><img
border=0 width=768 height=512 id="Imagen_x0020_3"
src="cid:image002.png@01D43405.A609FBE0"
alt="https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/06/14020223/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-12.49.31-768x512.png"></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
platform also provides information on seagrass species to help with
identification. Image courtesy of SeagrassSpotter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><a
href="http://biology.sfsu.edu/people/katharyn-boyer" target="_blank"><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>Seagrasses are disappearing</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>at rates that rival those of coral
reefs and tropical rainforests, losing as much as 7 percent of their area each
year,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.iucn.org/content/seagrass-habitat-declining-globally"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>according to the IUCN</span></a>.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711001327"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>More than 70 species of seagrass
worldwide</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>cover a
global area<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/seagrass-area"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>estimated</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>at up to 600,000 square kilometers
(about 232,000 square miles) — an area larger than the island of
Madagascar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“We
increasingly know how seagrasses support biodiverse fauna but we know little
about how to manage them to be resilient into the future and how to restore
these systems once they’ve been lost,” Unsworth said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>He
pointed to Indonesia as an example of a seagrass hotspot, where the dearth of
knowledge about the plants could potentially lead to the extinction of these
underwater gardens across the archipelago.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Indonesia
is widely considered an important country for seagrass conservation. In 1994,
researchers estimated the country was<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.scribd.com/document/144086244/Ekosistem-Padang-Lamun"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>home to 30,000 square kilometers
(11,600 square miles) of seagrass</span></a>, perhaps the world’s largest
concentration of the plant. But in June 2017, the Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI), a government-funded research agency, put the country’s
seagrass cover at just<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://lipi.go.id/berita/terumbu-karang-dan-padang-lamun-indonesia-masih-dalam-kondisi-kurang-baik/18432"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>1,507 square kilometers (582 square
miles)</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Having
worked extensively on seagrass in Indonesia since 2003, I see that seagrass is
largely not on the conservation radar,” Unsworth said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“When
you visit marine parks and places with seagrass, its conservation is commonly
not included or just there as a token inclusion. The focus is always on coral
reefs, even though often the majority of the fishing effort is on nearshore
shallow seagrass.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=p1 style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>At least<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/platax/article/viewFile/13228/12814"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>two</span></a><a
href="http://repository.lapan.go.id/repository/2205-3365-2-PB.pdf"
target="_blank"><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#45AAE8;
text-decoration:none'> </span></span><span style='color:#45AAE8'>studies</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>by researchers in Indonesia have
attempted to map seagrass meadows in certain locations, but both noted that
nationwide mapping efforts were practically non-existent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><img
border=0 width=768 height=512 id="Imagen_x0020_4"
src="cid:image003.png@01D43405.A609FBE0"
alt="https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/06/14020002/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-12.20.34-768x512.png"></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>A handful of seagrass
meadow sightings in Indonesia have been submitted to SeagrassSpotter. Image
courtesy of SeagrassSpotter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>According to Unsworth, LIPI now
runs a seagrass monitoring program, but it’s only on seagrass meadows in
marine parks where threats aren’t as prevalent and widespread as in
other, unprotected, coastal regions in Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Funding
for projects by NGOs largely ignores seagrass or when budgets are stretched,
they always pull the seagrass component first,” he said. “Having
met with fisheries officers, park managers and local government officials over
many years, my overwhelming opinion is that seagrass is not considered to be of
much importance.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>A
search of the academic literature on coral reefs versus seagrass in Indonesia
reveals that five times as many studies published about the former than the
latter in the period between 1970 and 2018, Unsworth said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>He also
pointed to<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/7" target="_blank"><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>dataset compiled by the U.N. Environment
Programme’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>showing huge gaps where seagrass has
been mapped.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“The
gaps are places where the environmental conditions suggest seagrass should be
prevalent,” Unsworth said. “This includes many areas where I
personally have observed extensive seagrass, such as Buton, Selayar, Central
Sulawesi.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
latest figures from LIPI indicate that<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/haspen/booklet%20status%20lamun%202017.pdf"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>only 40 percent of seagrass in
Indonesia</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>is
considered in healthy condition. Coastal land development, sedimentation, waste
pollution, coral aquaculture and sand mining are the top threats to
Indonesia’s seagrass.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Unsworth
and his team of researchers<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29627551" target="_blank"><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>published a report in April</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>that indicates 90 percent of the
seagrass meadows they examined in Indonesia had been extensively damaged and
degraded over the past five years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Seagrasses
in some parts of Indonesia are very well mapped, but across the nation
knowledge is very poor and this comes at an important time given what we know
about the losses of seagrass,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Other
countries, like Australia, have also reported findings of extensive seagrass
meadows in seabeds deeper than 20 meters (66 feet), but “next to no
deepwater seagrass has ever been documented in Indonesia,” Unsworth said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“This
is probably because no one has ever looked for it,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>To
date, SeagrassSpotter has collected more than 1,000 records of seagrass around
the U.K. and northern Europe. Globally, the group hopes to obtain at least
100,000 records by engaging people from around the world to collect data about
seagrass in their locality. All collected data will be freely available to the
public.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=p1 style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“If people don’t
know where seagrass is and why it’s of value,” Unsworth said,
“then they won’t take action to preserve it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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