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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><cite><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Science </span></cite><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>28 Sep 2018:<br>
Vol. 361, Issue 6409, pp. 1373-1376<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1953<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333;font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:20.0pt;font-family:
"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Predicting global killer whale
population collapse from PCB pollution<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;
mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=name><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Jean-Pierre
Desforges</span></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-1"
id=xref-award-group-1-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Ailsa Hall</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-2><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Bernie McConnell</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-3"
id=xref-aff-3-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>3</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Jonathan L. Barber</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-4"
id=xref-aff-4-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Andrew Brownlow</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-5"
id=xref-aff-5-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>5</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Sylvain De Guise</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-6"
id=xref-aff-6-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>6</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-7"
id=xref-aff-7-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>7</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Igor Eulaers</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Paul D. Jepson</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Robert J. Letcher</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-9"
id=xref-aff-9-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>9</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Milton Levin</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-6"
id=xref-aff-6-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>6</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Peter S. Ross</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-10"
id=xref-aff-10-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>10</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Filipa Samarra</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-11"
id=xref-award-group-5-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>11</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Gísli Víkingson</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-11"
id=xref-aff-11-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>11</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Christian Sonne</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-3><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Rune Dietz</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#aff-1"
id=xref-award-group-2-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;
border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1373?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-09-27&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2395711#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-3><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=contributor-listreveal style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;cursor:pointer;
font-size:0.75rem'><span style='font-family:"Roboto","serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6'><span
style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>PCB—still
a problem<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.8pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-2><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Until they were recognized as highly toxic
and carcinogenic, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were once used widely. Their
production was banned in the United States in 1978, though they are still
produced globally and persist in the environment. Persistent organic compounds,
like PCBs, magnify across trophic levels, and thus apex predators are
particularly susceptible to their ill effects. Desforges<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et
al.</span></em><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>looked at the
continuing impact of PCBs on one of the largest marine predators, the killer
whale. Using globally available data, the authors found high concentrations of
PCBs within killer whale tissues. These are likely to precipitate declines
across killer whale populations, particularly those that feed at high trophic
levels and are the closest to industrialized areas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-3><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Science</span></em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>, this issue p.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat1953"><b><span
style='color:#37588A'>1373</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.5rem'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.8pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-5><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Killer whales (<em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Orcinus orca</span></em>) are among
the most highly polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)–contaminated mammals in
the world, raising concern about the health consequences of current PCB
exposures. Using an individual-based model framework and globally available
data on PCB concentrations in killer whale tissues, we show that PCB-mediated
effects on reproduction and immune function threaten the long-term viability of
>50% of the world’s killer whale populations. PCB-mediated effects
over the coming 100 years predicted that killer whale populations near
industrialized regions, and those feeding at high trophic levels regardless of
location, are at high risk of population collapse. Despite a near-global ban of
PCBs more than 30 years ago, the world’s killer whales illustrate the
troubling persistence of this chemical class.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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