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<p class=text13 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.25pt;margin-left:0in'><span style='color:#666666'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Scientific
Reports </span><span class=visually-hidden><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>volume</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> 8</span><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>, Article number: 12127<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>(2018)<span
class=apple-converted-space> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x#article-info"><span
style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Published:<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>14 August 2018</span></a><span
class=pl6><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.5pt;
margin-left:0in'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The
establishment of a marine focused biorefinery for bioethanol production using
seawater and a novel marine yeast strain<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x#auth-1"><span
style='color:windowtext'>Abdelrahman Saleh Zaky</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x#auth-2"><span
style='color:windowtext'>Darren Greetham</span></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x#auth-3"><span
style='color:windowtext'>Gregory A. Tucker</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>&<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30660-x#auth-4"><span
style='color:windowtext'>Chenyu Du</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:10.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:#EEEEEE'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal style='word-wrap: break-word'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Current technologies for bioethanol
production rely on the use of freshwater for preparing the fermentation media
and use yeasts of a terrestrial origin. Life cycle assessment has suggested
that between 1,388 to 9,812</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>litres of freshwater are consumed for every litre of
bioethanol produced. Hence, bioethanol is considered a product with a
high-water footprint. This paper investigated the use of seawater-based media
and a novel marine yeast strain ‘<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span>AZ65’
to reduce the water footprint of bioethanol. Results revealed that<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span><i>S.
cerevisiae</i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;
letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span>AZ65 had a significantly higher
osmotic tolerance when compared with the terrestrial reference strain. Using
15-L bioreactors,<span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;
letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span><i>S. cerevisiae</i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span>AZ65
produced 93.50</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>g/L ethanol with a
yield of 83.33% (of the theoretical yield) and a maximum productivity of 2.49</span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>g/L/h when using
seawater-YPD media. This approach was successfully applied using an industrial
fermentation substrate (sugarcane molasses).<span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span><i>S. cerevisiae</i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222;letter-spacing:.15pt'> </span></span>AZ65
produced 52.23</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>g/L ethanol using
molasses media prepared in seawater with a yield of 73.80% (of the theoretical
yield) and a maximum productivity of 1.43</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>g/L/h. These results demonstrated that
seawater can substitute freshwater for bioethanol production without
compromising production efficiency. Results also revealed that marine yeast is
a potential candidate for use in the bioethanol industry especially when using
seawater or high salt based fermentation media.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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