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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>In
30 years’ time, the treaty that maintains harmony in Antarctica will be
up for review – could archaeological discoveries there influence the
continent’s future?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
letter-spacing:-.15pt'>The bones that could shape Antarctica’s fate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=index-body><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt'>By Martha
Henriques</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=publication-date><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt'>22 October
2018<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20181019-the-bones-that-could-shape-antarcticas-future<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>In 1985, a unique skull was discovered lying on Yamana
Beach at Cape Shirreff in Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands. It
belonged to an indigenous woman from southern Chile in her early 20s, thought
to have died between 1819 and 1825. It was the oldest known human remains ever
found in Antarctica.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>The location of the discovered skull was unexpected. It
was found at a beach camp made by sealers in the early 19th Century near remnants
of her femur bone, yet female sealers were unheard of at the time. There are no
surviving documents explaining how or why a young woman came to be in
Antarctica during this era. Now, at nearly 200 years old, the skull is thought
to align with the beginning of the first known landings on Antarctica.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>The Yamana Beach skull was a significant find – and
not just for archaeological reasons. In 30 years’ time, bones such as these
may come into play in territorial claims for this pristine wilderness. Nations
are quietly – and sometimes not so quietly – preparing to stake
their rights as the owners of swathes of the nearly uninhabitable land.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>"Lots of people just don't understand that there's a
darker side to Antarctica," says Klaus Dodds, professor of geopolitics at
Royal Holloway University of London. "What we're seeing is great power
politics play out in a space that a lot of people think of as just frozen
wastes."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:
7.5pt;background:white'><span style='background:#E3E3E0'><a
href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/wm/live/1280_720/images/live/p0/6p/8d/p06p8dv4.jpg"
id=p06p8dv4><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333;
text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=624 height=351 id="Imagen_x0020_2"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01D46BF0.23D10150"
alt="Antarctica map (Credit: Lokal_Profil/Wikipedia/CC BY 2.5)"></span></b></a></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=caption-text align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:center;line-height:13.5pt;background:#F1F1EF;float:left'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;letter-spacing:
-.1pt'>Various countries have made overlapping claims to territory - not all
captured by the original treaty (Credit: Lokal_Profil/Wikipedia/CC BY 2.5)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>The Antarctic Treaty System was first signed in 1959 but,
in 1998 a protocol on environmental protection was added. It states that
Antarctica is to be a "natural reserve, devoted to peace and
science," and prohibits all activities relating to Antarctic mineral
resources, except as is necessary for scientific research. But this is not set
in stone forever.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>In 2048 – 50 years after the protocol was created
– this part of the treaty could come under review. That is the date when
the prohibition on mining and resource extraction could – and it's a big<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>could</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>– be altered or done away with.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>"The reason 2048 looms large is because if certain
countries feel that the prohibition on mineral exploitation is no longer to be
respected, people worry that the whole thing could unravel," says Dodds.
"Environmental protection is one of the key headlines of the treaty."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>Seven nations laid overlapping claims on Antarctic land
when the treaty was adopted: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand,
Norway and the UK. The treaty held all these claims in place and prohibited any
new ones from being established. The treaty also puts any expansions to
territorial claims to Antarctica on hold – officially.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>"The claimant states, in a sense, keep their claims
in a box, if you like, with a lid on it. But that box will never be thrown
away," says Jill Barrett, an international law consultant and visiting
reader in international law at Queen Mary University of London.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>Many nations, however, are engaging in 'doublethink'
about this part of the agreement, says Dodds. "The big players, usually
China and Russia, are thinking about this particular episode around 2048 and
planning ahead."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>As a result, many countries are sending feelers out to
Antarctica in a number of ways, such as financing scientific research,
historical investigation, and building research bases far and wide around the
continent. "It's a very clear message to the wider world: we're in the
whole space," says Dodds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>Archaeology is one of the most important activities, says
Michael Pearson, an Antarctic heritage consultant and former deputy executive
director of the Australian Heritage Commission. "It establishes an
interest, if not a stake, in future discussions about territorial claims or
commercial exploitation."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>While archaeological finds like the discovery of the
Yamana Beach skull carry no legal weight – the woman was more likely to
have been a sealer than an official – they might just challenge the known
timeline of the continent’s history. If Chile can demonstrate that it had
people living in Antarctica earlier than other nations staking land claims,
then they have a stronger hand in negotiations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>Archaeological discoveries can also boost political
support for a case back home. "When remains or objects are found in the
ice, I could see straight away it would inflate territorial nationalism,"
says Dodds. "Archaeology has always been really important for national
politics."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>Other events, such as historic shipwrecks, could play a
similar role as the Yamana skull. In 1819, the Spanish frigate San Telmo was
wrecked in the Drake Passage, which separates the tip of Chile from the
Antarctic Peninsula. Archaeologists have searched the Antarctic islands for
signs of whether any crew made it alive to the shore.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>"Shipwreck remains were found there washed up on the
South Shetlands," says Pearson. "Quite possibly some of the crew
survived on the floating wreckage." If there were survivors, they would
have beaten the British to be the first in Antarctica.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>The upside of all this attention is that a single
nation’s investment in archaeology can reveal artefacts and remains that
can enlighten the whole world – discoveries that might never otherwise
have been found. "The underlying nationalistic ambitions of countries, be
they overtly expressed or covert motivations, can be beneficial," says
Pearson. "They provide funding and logistical support to carry out
archaeological research, which is otherwise very hard to get."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:18.65pt;margin-right:15.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:61.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.65pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;
letter-spacing:-.1pt'>For the Chilean woman whose skull was found on Yamana
Beach, the most likely conclusion is that she was caught up somehow in a
sealing mission to Antarctica. She may have drowned or died of exposure on the
shore. But her bones remain among the most significant archaeological
discoveries ever made in Antarctica. And they are now part of a much bigger
picture of soft power and national pride, in the context of the political
long-game of laying claim to the frozen continent.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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