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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Whales
and dolphins change the way they communicate in a noisy ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>by<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#292B2C'> </span></span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/by/ongabay-com/"><span style='color:black;
text-decoration:none'>Mongabay.com</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='color:#292B2C'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>26
October 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/whales-and-dolphins-change-the-way-they-communicate-in-a-noisy-ocean/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Noise from ships changes the
way that whales and dolphins communicate with each other, according to two
studies published this week.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Marine
biologists know that an increasingly cacophonous ocean, filled with the din
from shipping, seismic surveys and sonar, is undoubtedly impacting the animals
that live there. Loud noises could be damaging the hearing of marine mammals
that are dependent on sound as a way of making sense of their three-dimensional
world, and sonar blasts have been<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/2013/09/sonar-used-by-oil-company-caused-mass-whale-stranding-in-madagascar/"><span
style='color:#45AAE8'>linked to the mass stranding</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>of whales around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Now, two independent teams of
scientists have shown that whales and dolphins alter the sounds that they make
in response to the whirr of ships.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>University
of Maryland marine biologist Helen Bailey and her team recorded the whistles of
bottlenose dolphins (<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Tursiops
truncatus</span></em>) off the coast of the U.S. state of Maryland and <a
href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/14/10/20180484"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>published their work Oct. 24 in the
journal</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#45AAE8;
text-decoration:none'> </span></span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#45AAE8;text-decoration:none'>Biology Letters</span></em></a>. The
researchers analyzed the characteristics of those calls and took note when they
changed. They found that when there was more ambient sound, mostly from passing
boats and ships, the dolphins switched to higher frequencies and streamlined
their whistles.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“It’s
kind of like trying to answer a question in a noisy bar and after repeated
attempts to be heard, you just give the shortest answer possible,” Bailey
said<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/uomc-gni102418.php"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>in a statement</span></a>.
“Dolphins simplified their calls to counter the masking effects of vessel
noise.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>A second team of scientists,
led by biologist Koki Tsujii of the Ogasawara Whale Watching Association and
Hokkaido University in Japan, looked at the changes in the songs of whales
— humpbacks (<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Megaptera
novaeangliae</span></em>), in this case. Publishing their results in the journal<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>PLOS
ONE</span></em>, also on Oct. 24, they recorded the changes in the songs sung
by male humpbacks as a ship carrying passengers and cargo motored by.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
team’s recordings of 26 singing whales revealed that when the ship passed
and the singing whales were less than about 1,200 meters (3,940 feet) from the
ship, they tended to cut their songs short. What’s more, they often
wouldn’t start up again for half an hour. They also weren’t as
likely to hang around and sing at distances of less than 500 meters (1,640 feet)
from the ship’s path.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The researchers note that,
because only the males sing in an effort to attract females, they can’t
be certain of how the noise impacts young and female humpbacks. But it’s
clear that the sounds are changing behaviors, the authors said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Humpback
whales seemed to stop singing temporarily rather than modifying sound
characteristics of their song under the noise, generated by a passenger-cargo
liner,” the authors of the <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>PLOS
ONE</span></em><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>paper said<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2018-10/p-mhw101718.php"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>in a statement</span></a>.
“Ceasing vocalization and moving away could be cost-effective adaptations
to the fast-moving noise source.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
team suggests that more research would help determine if these sounds increased
the stress levels of the affected humpbacks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><b><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The authors of the dolphin
study raised similar concerns</span></b><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“These
whistles are really important,” Bailey said in the statement.
“Nobody wants to live in a noisy neighborhood. If you have these chronic
noise levels, what does this mean to the population?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>She and
her colleagues suggest that, in the presence of these levels of ambient sound,
dolphins might have trouble getting their full message across to other members
of their species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“[The]
noise-induced simplification of dolphin whistles may reduce the information
content in these acoustic signals and decrease effective communication,
parent-offspring proximity or group cohesion,” the authors write.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><strong><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Citations </span></strong><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Fouda,
L., Wingfield, J. E., Fandel, A. D., Garrod, A., Hodge, K. B., Rice, A. N.,
& Bailey, H. (2018). Dolphins simplify their vocal calls in response to
increased ambient noise.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Biology Letters, 14</span></em>(10).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Tsujii,
K., Akamatsu, T., Okamoto, R., Mori, K., Mitani, Y., & Umeda, N. (2018).
Change in singing behavior of humpback whales caused by shipping noise.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>PLOS
ONE, 13</span></em>(10), e0204112.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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