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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>17
new brilliantly colored species of sea slugs described<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>by<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#292B2C'> </span></span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/by/shreya-dasgupta/"><span style='color:black;
text-decoration:none'>Shreya Dasgupta</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#292B2C'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1
November 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>https://news.mongabay.com/2018/11/17-new-brilliantly-colored-species-of-sea-slugs-described/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>From lavender to orange, pink
to yellow polka dots — researchers have just described 17 stunning new
species of sea slugs that live among coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>All the
species belong to the genus<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris</span></em>, a group of
colorful sea slugs that make for striking photo models. In a recent<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly048/5098244?guestAccessKey=5fd02506-1dcc-4169-aec3-f1cbc4e3066c#121310377"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>study</span></a>, researchers from
the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) reorganized the genus <em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris</span></em>, adding
new-to-science species to the group and revealing secrets of the evolution of
their brilliant color patterns.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Discovery
of the new species is a great feeling, said Terrence Gosliner, senior
curator at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology at the CAS.
“Several species [of <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris</span></em>] had
not been studied previously from a genetic perspective and we had reason to
believe that we had discovered a bunch of new species, based on their external
appearance,” he told Mongabay.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Among
the new species are <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris
confetti</span></em>, a sea slug that looks like it’s covered in shreds
of brightly colored paper; <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>H.
rositoi</span></em>, named for its distinctive rose-pink shade; and<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>H.
skyleri</span></em>, a sea slug with white spots that resemble stars in the sky
and that’s named after co-author Rebecca Johnson’s son, Skyler
(Sky) Rodgers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The reorganization of species
within <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>using genetic tools also helped the
researchers gain an insight into why the sea slugs are so colorful. “This
is the first time we’ve had a family tree to test longstanding hypotheses
for how patterns evolve,” Gosliner said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The CAS
team found, for instance, that a number of distant relatives have independently
evolved the same color pattern — like <em><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>H. iba</span></em><span class=apple-converted-space><i> </i></span>and <em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>H. bullocki</span></em>, both
lavender in color. The two species are, however, not closely related.
“The more likely explanation for their similar appearance is that they
reside in the same geographic region where being purple is advantageous for
avoiding predators either as camouflage or warning of distastefulness,”
Johnson, citizen science lead at the CAS, said in a<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.calacademy.org/press/releases/scientists-from-the-california-academy-of-sciences-describe-17-new-species-of"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>statement</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Surprisingly, <em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>H. iba</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>itself has two different forms of
individuals: one lavender with a white stripe, and the other cream with a
lavender stripe and orange spots. The two forms have been photographed mating
and are nearly genetically identical.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“We
are not sure of why this is the case but suspect that predators cannot
recognize the difference between the two color morphs,” Gosliner said.
Such differently colored individuals have not been seen in other<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hypselodoris</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>So far, none of the newly described
species seem to be at any immediate risk of extinction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“But
with climate change impacts, this could change fairly quickly if coral reefs
continue to disappear,” Gosliner said. Moreover, many more species of sea
slugs are yet to be discovered.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Even
with these discoveries, still less than 10 percent of the species inhabiting
the planet have been recognized. There is still much fundamental work to
do,” Gosliner added.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:white'><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/2018/11/17-new-brilliantly-colored-species-of-sea-slugs-described/all-17-new-species-together-two-images-of-h-iba/"><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI","sans-serif";color:#45AAE8;
text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=955 height=359 id="Imagen_x0020_5"
src="cid:image003.jpg@01D475CD.500C8410"
alt="https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/10/31102210/All-17-new-species-together-two-images-of-H.-iba.jpg"></span></a><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>All
17 new species of sea slugs. Image courtesy of the California Academy of
Sciences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><strong><span style='font-size:
12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Citation:</span></strong><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Epstein,
H. E., Hallas, J. M., Johnson, R. F., Lopez, A., & Gosliner, T. M. (2018).
Reading between the lines: Revealing cryptic species diversity and colour
patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia:
Chromodorididae). <a
href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly048/5098244?guestAccessKey=5fd02506-1dcc-4169-aec3-f1cbc4e3066c#121310377"
target="_blank"><i><span style='color:#45AAE8'>Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society</span></i></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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