<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12 (filtered medium)">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Roboto;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 1 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:24.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
h2
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
h3
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Texto de globo Car";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.EstiloCorreo17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:windowtext;}
span.Ttulo1Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 1 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 1";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Ttulo2Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 2 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Ttulo3Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 3 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.name
{mso-style-name:name;}
span.xref-sep
{mso-style-name:xref-sep;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
p.contributor-listreveal, li.contributor-listreveal, div.contributor-listreveal
{mso-style-name:contributor-list__reveal;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.contributor-listtoggler
{mso-style-name:contributor-list__toggler;}
span.collapsed-text
{mso-style-name:collapsed-text;}
span.z-PrincipiodelformularioCar
{mso-style-name:"z-Principio del formulario Car";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"z-Principio del formulario";
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
display:none;}
span.z-FinaldelformularioCar
{mso-style-name:"z-Final del formulario Car";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"z-Final del formulario";
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
display:none;}
span.title
{mso-style-name:title;}
span.caption-title
{mso-style-name:caption-title;}
p.first-child, li.first-child, div.first-child
{mso-style-name:first-child;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.TextodegloboCar
{mso-style-name:"Texto de globo Car";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Texto de globo";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:262999435;
mso-list-template-ids:-1636541936;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:409279907;
mso-list-template-ids:1796656066;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:739641614;
mso-list-template-ids:111965900;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3
{mso-list-id:1113594517;
mso-list-template-ids:-518759142;}
@list l3:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4
{mso-list-id:1620914473;
mso-list-template-ids:-2093300964;}
@list l4:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l5
{mso-list-id:1765420178;
mso-list-template-ids:353166716;}
@list l5:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><cite><span style='font-family:
"Roboto","serif"'>Science </span></cite><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-family:"Roboto","serif"'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Roboto","serif"'>01 Mar 2019:<br>
Vol. 363, Issue 6430, eaav4236<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4236<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#333333;font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Pantropical climate interactions<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=name><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Wenju Cai</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Lixin Wu</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#corresp-1"
id=xref-corresp-1-1><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>*</span></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Matthieu Lengaigne</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-3"
id=xref-aff-3-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>3</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-4"
id=xref-aff-4-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>4</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Tim Li</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-5"
id=xref-aff-5-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>5</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Shayne McGregor</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-6"
id=xref-aff-6-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>6</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-7"
id=xref-aff-7-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>7</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Jong-Seong Kug</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Jin-Yi Yu</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-9"
id=xref-aff-9-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>9</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Malte F. Stuecker</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-10"
id=xref-aff-10-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>10</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-11"
id=xref-aff-11-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>11</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Agus Santoso</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-12"
id=xref-aff-12-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>12</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Xichen Li</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-13"
id=xref-aff-13-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>13</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Yoo-Geun Ham</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-14"
id=xref-aff-14-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>14</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Yoshimitsu Chikamoto</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-15"
id=xref-aff-15-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>15</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Benjamin Ng</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-3><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Michael J. McPhaden</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-16"
id=xref-aff-16-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>16</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Yan Du</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-17"
id=xref-aff-17-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>17</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-18"
id=xref-aff-18-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>18</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Dietmar Dommenget</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-19"
id=xref-aff-19-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>19</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=name><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Fan Jia</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-20"
id=xref-aff-20-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>20</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Jules B. Kajtar</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-21"
id=xref-aff-21-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>21</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Noel Keenlyside</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-22"
id=xref-aff-22-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>22</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-23"
id=xref-aff-23-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>23</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Xiaopei Lin</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-3><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Jing-Jia Luo</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-24"
id=xref-aff-24-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>24</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Marta Martín-Rey</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-25"
id=xref-aff-25-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>25</span></sup></a></span><span
class=xref-sep><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-26"
id=xref-aff-26-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>26</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Yohan Ruprich-Robert</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-27"
id=xref-aff-27-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>27</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Guojian Wang</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-4><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a></span><span class=xref-sep><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>,</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-2"
id=xref-aff-2-4><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>2</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:0in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;background:white'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
class=name><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Shang-Ping Xie</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-28"
id=xref-aff-28-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>28</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Yun Yang</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-29"
id=xref-aff-29-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>29</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Sarah M. Kang</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-30"
id=xref-aff-30-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>30</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Jun-Young Choi</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-14"
id=xref-aff-14-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>14</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Bolan Gan</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-1"
id=xref-aff-1-5><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>1</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Geon-Il Kim</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-2><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Chang-Eun Kim</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-3><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Sunyoung Kim</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-8"
id=xref-aff-8-4><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0in'>8</span></sup></a>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><span
class=name>Jeong-Hwan Kim</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-14"
id=xref-aff-14-3><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>14</span></sup></a>,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><span class=name>Ping Chang</span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaav4236?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2019-02-28&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=2691681#aff-31"
id=xref-aff-31-1><sup><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:windowtext;border:
none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>31</span></sup></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:0in;text-indent:
-.25in;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;
cursor:pointer;font-size:0.75rem'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Roboto","serif";
color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.5rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Tropical
interconnections<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.8pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-2><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>The El Niño–Southern Oscillation,
which originates in the tropical Pacific, affects the rest of the world's
tropics by perturbing global atmospheric circulation. Less appreciated than
this influence is how the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans affect the
Pacific. Cai <em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et al.</span></em><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>review what we know about these
pantropical interactions, discuss possible ways of improving predictions of
current climate variability, and consider how projecting future climate under
different anthropogenic forcing scenarios may be improved. They argue that
making progress in this field will require sustained global climate
observations, climate model improvements, and theoretical advances.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-3><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Science</span></em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>, this issue p.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aav4236"><b><span
style='color:#37588A'>eaav4236</span></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.5rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Structured
Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.1875rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>BACKGROUND<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-4><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Ocean-atmosphere
interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on the climate system. El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical
Pacific, is the most prominent and well-known year-to-year variation on Earth.
Its reach is global, and its impacts on society and the environment are legion.
Because ENSO is so strong, it can excite other modes of climate variability in
the Atlantic and Indian Oceans by altering the general circulation of the atmosphere.
However, ocean-atmosphere interactions internal to the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans are capable of generating distinct modes of climate variability as well.
Whether the Atlantic and Indian Oceans can feed back onto Pacific climate has
been an ongoing matter of debate. We are now beginning to realize that the
tropics, as a whole, are a tightly interconnected system, with strong feedbacks
from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans onto the Pacific. These two-way
interactions affect the character of ENSO and Pacific decadal variability and
shed new light on the recent hiatus in global warming. Here we review advances
in our understanding of pantropical interbasin climate interactions and their
implications for both climate prediction and future climate projections.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.1875rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>ADVANCES<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-5><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>ENSO fluctuates between
warm events (El Niño) and cold events (La Niña). These events force changes in
the Atlantic and Indian Oceans than can feed back onto the Pacific. Indian
Ocean variations, for example, can accelerate the demise of El Niño and
facilitate its transition to La Niña. ENSO events also exhibit considerable
diversity in their amplitude, spatial structure, and evolution, which matters
for how they affect global climate. Sea surface temperature variations in the
equatorial and north tropical Atlantic can significantly contribute to the
diversity of these events. In addition, tropical interbasin linkages vary on
decadal time scales. Warming during a positive phase of Atlantic Multidecadal
Variability over the past two decades has strengthened the Atlantic forcing of
the Indo-Pacific, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the Pacific
trade winds, cooling of the tropical Pacific, and warming of the Indian Ocean.
The Indo-Pacific temperature contrast further strengthened the Pacific trade
winds, helping to prolong the cooling in the Pacific. These interactions forced
from the tropical Atlantic were largely responsible for the recent hiatus in
global surface warming. Changes in Pacific mean-state conditions during this
hiatus also affected ENSO diversity considerably.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.1875rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>OUTLOOK<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-6><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>There is tremendous potential for improving
seasonal to decadal climate predictions and for improving projections of future
climate change in the tropics though advances in our understanding of the
dynamics that govern interbasin linkages. The role of the tropical Atlantic, in
particular, requires special attention because all climate models exhibit
systemic errors in the mean state of the tropical Atlantic that compromise
their reliability for use in studies of climate variability and change.
Projections based on the current generation of climate models suggest that
Pacific mean-state changes in the future will involve faster warming in the
east equatorial basin than in the surrounding regions, leading to an increase
in the frequency of extreme El Niños. Given the presumed strength of the
Atlantic influence on the pantropics, projections of future climate change
could be substantially different if systematic model errors in the Atlantic
were corrected. Progress on these issues will depend critically on sustaining
global climate observations; climate model improvements, especially with regard
to model biases; and theoretical developments that help us to better understand
the underlying dynamics of pantropical interactions and their climatic impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:#E6E6E6'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/363/6430/eaav4236/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1"><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'><img
border=0 width=440 height=308 id="Imagen_x0020_1"
src="cid:image001.gif@01D4D1A4.CDFB30A0"
alt="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/363/6430/eaav4236/F1.medium.gif"></span></b></a><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:
5.65pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:center;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo6;
background:#E6E6E6'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;color:gray'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:gray'><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/363/6430/eaav4236/F1.large.jpg?download=true"
title="Download Figure1"><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span
style='color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'> </span></b></span><span
class=title><b><span style='color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'>Download
high-res image</span></b></span></a><a
href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/363/6430/eaav4236/F1.large.jpg"
target="_blank"><span class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='color:#37588A;
text-decoration:none'> </span></b></span><span class=title><b><span
style='color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'>Open in new tab</span></b></span></a>
<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/powerpoint/723177"><span
class=apple-converted-space><b><span style='color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'> </span></b></span><span
class=title><b><span style='color:#37588A;text-decoration:none'>Download
Powerpoint</span></b></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:18.0pt;
background:#E6E6E6'><span class=caption-title><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#333333'>Pantropical feedbacks affecting ENSO.</span></b></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=first-child style='mso-margin-top-alt:11.25pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:11.25pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>The black loop
represents internal Pacific fast positive feedbacks (short arrows) and delayed
negative feedbacks (long arrows). Interbasin feedbacks include Pacific
feedbacks onto the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (blue arrows), delayed negative
feedbacks of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans onto the Pacific (orange and green
arrows, respectively), and positive feedbacks of the Atlantic onto the Indian
Ocean (yellow arrow). The effects of atmospheric noise forcing in the Pacific
are indicated by the gray dotted line.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:#E6E6E6;box-sizing: inherit;
font-size:1.5rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:2.8pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:#E6E6E6;
box-sizing: inherit;transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out 1s' id=p-8><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#333333'>The El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which originates in the Pacific, is the
strongest and most well-known mode of tropical climate variability. Its reach
is global, and it can force climate variations of the tropical Atlantic and
Indian Oceans by perturbing the global atmospheric circulation. Less
appreciated is how the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans affect the Pacific.
Especially noteworthy is the multidecadal Atlantic warming that began in the
late 1990s, because recent research suggests that it has influenced
Indo-Pacific climate, the character of the ENSO cycle, and the hiatus in global
surface warming. Discovery of these pantropical interactions provides a pathway
forward for improving predictions of climate variability in the current climate
and for refining projections of future climate under different anthropogenic
forcing scenarios.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br />
<table style="border-top: 1px solid #D3D4DE;">
<tr>
<td style="width: 55px; padding-top: 13px;"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=icon" target="_blank"><img src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" width="46" height="29" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 470px; padding-top: 12px; color: #41424e; font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Virus-free. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=link" target="_blank" style="color: #4453ea;">www.avast.com</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table><a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"> </a></div></body>
</html>