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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>New
research teases apart complex effects of naval sonar on whales<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>by<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#292B2C'> </span></span><a
href="https://news.mongabay.com/by/ongabay-com/"><span style='color:black;
text-decoration:none'>Mongabay.com</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='color:#292B2C'> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>28
March 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/new-research-teases-apart-complex-effects-of-naval-sonar-on-whales/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Whales can behave quite
differently in response to sonar depending on where they live and what
they’re doing, new research has found.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
pair of studies, on different species and in different oceans, adds to scientists’
understanding of how to protect whales from these sounds. Navies use sonar to
detect stealthy submarines, and researchers have linked sonar training
exercises to hearing loss, deadly mass strandings, and interference with whale
communication.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Most
strategies to temper the effects of sonar use the volume of the noise as a
guide, Brandon Southall, a biologist at the University of California, Santa
Cruz, said in a<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/tcob-sdb022819.php"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>statement</span></a>. But loudness
didn’t turn out to be the best predictor of blue whales’ (<em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Balaenoptera musculus</span></em>)
responses to a series of sonar blasts in<a
href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/5/jeb190637.abstract"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>research</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>published March 4 in the<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Journal
of Experimental Biology</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Some whales responded
when the sound was barely audible, while others seemingly ignored it and kept
feeding at quite loud levels,” said Southall, the paper’s lead
author.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>A
separate study, on northern bottlenose whales (<em><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hyperoodon ampullatus</span></em>) in the Greenland Sea, found
that these beaked whales — a group that’s among the most affected
by sonar — changed their behavior, whether they were as close as 0.8
kilometers (0.5 miles) to the source of the sonar or as far away as 28
kilometers (17 miles).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>In that
research, the scientists fixed data-gathering tags to 12 bottlenose whales and
used underwater microphones to listen in on what was happening beneath the
surface.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“All tagged whales
stopped feeding, and individuals started swimming away from the exposure site
for several hours when a certain sound level was reached, regardless of their
proximity to the source,” Patrick Miller, an ecologist at the University
of St. Andrews, said in a<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://standrewsuni-newsroom.prgloo.com/news/distant-navy-sonar-affects-the-behaviour-of-whales"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>statement</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Miller
and his colleagues published their<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2018.2592"
target="_blank"><span style='color:#45AAE8'>work</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>March 20 in the journal<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Proceedings
of the Royal Society B</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Previous
research has hinted that distant naval sonar wasn’t as bothersome to
whales as the experimental pulses scientists use to investigate behavior
change. That finding didn’t hold in the “pristine
environment” where Miller and his colleagues carried out their study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“We used a sound source
that is smaller than a typical operational naval sonar,” Miller said,
“so the concern is that the distances at which animals respond in the
wild to real navy sonars may be significantly greater.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>It’s
possible that these whales, with little exposure to naval sonar, haven’t
figured out that distant sounds don’t present the same danger as ones
nearby, Paul Wensveen, a co-author of the bottlenose whale study and a
University of Iceland biologist, said in the statement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Off the
coast of Southern California, where Southall and his fellow researchers affixed
tracking tags to 42 blue whales over five years, the recorded behavioral
responses to experimental sonar were mixed. To round out their understanding of
what was going on, several of the scientists used echosounders to pinpoint
swarms of the krill that are the staple of a blue whale’s diet.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Analysis of the data showed
that, in general, <u>whales feeding near the surface continued unperturbed when
buffeted with sonar</u>. But more than half of the tagged whales that were <u>feeding
deeper in the ocean abandoned their dinners</u> — at least until the
sound of the sonar stopped. Once that happened, most of the whales, which can
grow to more than 30 meters (98 feet) and 200 metric tons (220 tons), set to
feasting once again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>The
researchers note that many factors could influence blue whales’ reactions
to sonar. Still, Southall said, their findings offer a possible avenue to
alleviate the effects of naval sonar tests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>“Impacts
could be minimized by reducing sonar disturbance during periods of blue whale
foraging on deep patches of krill in the military’s main training
areas,” he added.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><strong><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Citations</span></strong><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Southall,
B. L., DeRuiter, S. L., Friedlaender, A., Stimpert, A. K., Goldbogen, J. A.,
Hazen, E., … & Harris, C. M. (2019). Behavioral responses of
individual blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to mid-frequency military sonar.<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Journal
of Experimental Biology</span></em>,<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>222</span></em>(5),
jeb190637.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='line-height:18.0pt;background:white;box-sizing: inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;margin:1rem 0px;word-wrap: break-word'><span
style='font-size:12.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#292B2C'>Wensveen,
P. J., Isojunno, S., Hansen, R. R., von Benda-Beckmann, A. M., Kleivane, L.,
van IJsselmuide, S., … & Narazaki, T. (2019). Northern bottlenose
whales in a pristine environment respond strongly to close and distant navy
sonar signals.<em><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Proceedings of
the Royal Society B</span></em>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><em><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>286</span></em>(1899), 20182592.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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