<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12 (filtered medium)">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 1 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:24.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
h2
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
h3
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3 Car";
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
span.EstiloCorreo17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:windowtext;}
span.Ttulo1Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 1 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 1";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Ttulo2Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 2 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 2";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Ttulo3Car
{mso-style-name:"Título 3 Car";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Título 3";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.block
{mso-style-name:block;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
p.figurecaption, li.figurecaption, div.figurecaption
{mso-style-name:figure__caption;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.mr10
{mso-style-name:mr10;}
span.emphasis
{mso-style-name:emphasis;}
span.indented-counter
{mso-style-name:indented-counter;}
p.tiny-space-below, li.tiny-space-below, div.tiny-space-below
{mso-style-name:tiny-space-below;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:813833137;
mso-list-template-ids:-34181248;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:1853494770;
mso-list-template-ids:259572174;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Ship
engines, underwater blasts, sonar and oil drilling are filling the seas with
sound. Researchers are now trying to pin down the damage humanity’s growing
acoustic footprint has on ocean life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
letter-spacing:-1.15pt'>Ocean uproar: saving marine life from a barrage of
noise<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="javascript:;"><span class=block><span style='color:windowtext;background:
white;text-decoration:none'>Nicola Jones</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.7pt'>10 APRIL 2019<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
letter-spacing:-1.15pt'>https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-right:7.5pt;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>In
Colombia’s Gulf of Tribugá, a deep channel runs from the Pacific Ocean into
shore. It’s a promising place for a port. But right now, only the occasional
ship plies these waters. Fishing in the tiny coastal towns around the gulf is
small-scale; many locals use dugout canoes. This coast is peaceful in a way
that most people don’t stop to think about: its seas are largely unmarred by human
noise. Its underwater world is filled with the whistles and clicks of
endangered humpback whales, the grunting of fishes and the snapping of shrimp.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>“It’s your perfect,
wanting-to-fall-asleep cacophony of animal sounds,” says Kerri Seger, a
researcher with the marine-technology firm Applied Ocean Sciences in Santa
Monica, California, who is<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.themarinediaries.com/blog/ports-humpbacks-sound-in-combia-the-physic-project"><span
style='color:#006699'>studying the region’s marine acoustics</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>That could soon change.
Plans are afoot to build a major international port in the gulf to improve
transport routes to Asia. The transition from quiet coast to bustling shipping
route could disrupt humpbacks (<i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i>) and other local
populations. Although Seger hopes that local protests will prevent the port
development, she also sees Colombia’s Pacific coast as a rare experimental site
that could help to answer a pressing question for marine science: how badly is
humanity’s growing acoustic footprint damaging ocean life?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>International concern is
ramping up fast as evidence grows about<a
href="https://www.nature.com/news/marine-life-needs-protection-from-noise-pollution-1.18342"><span
style='color:#006699'>problems arising from the din</span></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>created by military sonar, seismic
surveys, oil drilling, dredging and ship engines. Short, loud blasts of sound
can cause physical damage; persistent background noise, such as that from
shipping, can alter a host of systems and behaviours, from communication to
feeding.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:15.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:15.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:#EBEBEB;
font-size:1.7rem'><i><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222;
font-weight:normal'>Whale calls from a pod are masked by the sound of a large
passing ship. </span></i><i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222;font-weight:normal'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-01098-6/d41586-019-01098-6_16615998.mpga"><span
style='color:#006699'>Download MP3</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space>
</span></span></i><i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#666666;font-weight:normal'>Copyright: OrcaLab<o:p></o:p></span></i></h3>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:15.0pt;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:15.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:#EBEBEB'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#666666'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>“There is a political
will to regulate underwater noise,” says Jakob Tougaard, a bioscientist at
Aarhus University in Denmark. Last November, the United Nations agreed on<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/124"><span style='color:#006699'>resolutions
to conserve ocean health</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>that
noted an “urgent need” for research and cooperation to address the effects of
anthropogenic underwater noise. The European Union has adopted<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/index_en.htm"><span
style='color:#006699'>legislation to achieve healthy marine systems by 2020</span></a>,
including a provision to ensure that underwater noise does not “adversely
affect” marine life. Shipping organizations are concerned, too: in 2014, the
International Maritime Organization issued guidelines on reducing noise from
vessels.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>But there’s still a gap
in the science. Because noise is so pervasive, it is hard to study the impact
as it ramps up. It isn’t clear whether marine systems can work around or adapt
to it — or whether it will drive crashes in already-stressed populations. So researchers
are becoming acoustic prospectors, searching for quiet zones and noisy habitats
in efforts to chronicle what exactly happens when sound levels change. Efforts
range from natural experiments on the effects of a plan to re-route shipping
lanes in the Baltic Sea, to investigating the impact of a trial scheme in
Canada to reduce ship speeds in coastal waters off Vancouver.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>In the grand scheme of
ocean ecosystem threats, climate change might be a bigger issue — along with
acidification and pollution. But researchers worry that background noise will
be the straw that breaks endangered species’ backs. “Two stressors together are
more than just A plus B,” says Lindy Weilgart, a biologist at Canada’s
Dalhousie University in Halifax. “The negative effect is greater than the sum
of the parts.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
font-size:2.2rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Far-from-silent
world</span><span style='color:#222222'></span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Decades ago, not much
was known about ocean noise. When French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau made a
documentary about the ocean in 1956, he called it<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>The Silent World</i><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>— a misnomer that researchers today
point to with much mirth. In reality, the ocean is a noisy place: waves, marine
life and rainfall create their own din. A humpback whale can be as loud as an
outboard motor, Seger says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Humanity has greatly
added to the ocean soundscape. There is no global map of ocean noise, but
researchers agree that ship traffic approximately doubled between 1950 and
2000, boosting sound contributions by about 3 decibels per decade. That
translates to a doubling of noise intensity every 10 years (decibels are
calculated on a logarithmic scale). Sound travels differently through air from
through water, making it hard to compare the two environments. But the blast of
a seismic air gun used to map the sea floor for oil and gas can be as loud as a
rocket launch or an underwater dynamite explosion; ship engines and oil
drilling can reach the roar of a rock concert (see ‘A sea of sound’). Some of
these sounds are audible for hundreds of kilometres.</span><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#222222'></span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The most obvious sign of
trouble came when masses of dead beaked whales started showing up on beaches.
Loud sounds seem to trigger panic dives that cause a kind of decompression
sickness in the cetaceans, and haemorrhages in their brains and hearts. In the
five decades before 1950, researchers recorded just seven mass strandings; but
from then to 2004, after the introduction of high-power sonar for naval
operations, there were more than 120</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR1"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>1</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>.
Studies show that exposure to loud noises can damage ears and cause hearing
loss in cetaceans. It can also affect invertebrates — by impairing the
development of scallop larvae, for example</span><sup><span style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR2"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>2</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>. In
2017, researchers reported that<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/news/air-guns-used-in-offshore-oil-exploration-can-kill-tiny-marine-life-1.22167"><span
style='color:#006699'>seismic-survey blasts could scythe through the water and
kill zooplankton</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>more
than one kilometre away</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR3"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>3</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>; the
acoustic beam dispatches them “like mowing the lawn”, says Rob Williams,
co-founder of the cetacean-conservation group Oceans Initiative in Seattle,
Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Background noise also
has an effect. Researchers got a rare chance to study this in 2001, after the
terrorist attacks on New York City’s twin towers. Commercial transport ground
to a halt, and that dimmed the marine noisescape substantially. Rosalind
Rolland, director of ocean health at the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life
in Boston, Massachusetts, was conducting a long-running study of faeces samples
from right whales (<i>Eubalaena glascialis</i>), and noticed a drop in
stress-related metabolites</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR4"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>4</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>. That
was the first biological evidence that exposure to low-frequency ship noise was
associated with chronic stress in cetaceans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>A swathe of other
studies has shown that boat noise can increase stress-hormone levels in
creatures including fishes and crabs, causing them to spend more time
patrolling for danger than caring for offspring, for example. In one study</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR5"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>5</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>, the
survival rate of Ambon damselfish (<i>Pomacentrus amboinensis</i>) on a reef
dropped to less than half its previous level when the animals were exposed to
boat noise. Dolphins change their tune: they whistle at a lower frequency, with
less variation, if the ambient noise is loud</span><sup><span style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR6"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>6</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>. Some
humpback whales simply stop singing. All this is likely to alter relationships
between species in as-yet-unknown ways, says Williams: louder seas are surely
changing who can effectively catch food, find a mate or hide from predators.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #979797 1.0pt;
padding:0in 0in 5.0pt 0in;background:white'>
<p class=figurecaption style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
border:none;padding:0in'><span class=mr10><i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Animation created from data gathered from
recorders at the bottom of Boston harbour shows the whistles and clicks of
whales (small dots) being drowned out by ships (large dots) sailing in and out.
</span></i></span><i><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Credit:
D. Ponirakis, L. Hatch and C. W. Clark<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
</div>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>A rule of thumb<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/15850"><span
style='color:#006699'>suggested in 2016 by the US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>is
that pulses of sound above 160 dB cause marine mammals to change their
behaviour. For chronic, continuous, noise, that benchmark is a lower 120</span><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#222222'> </span><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>dB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The difficult question
is whether this noise is something that ecosystems and populations can adapt
to, or something more serious.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Perhaps the best
evidence that background noise might be a critical problem comes from data on
killer whales (<i>Orcinus orca</i>) off the Pacific coast of Canada.
Researchers including Williams reported that resident whales spent 18–25% less
time feeding when surrounded by boat noise than when bathed in quiet</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR7"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>7</span></a>,<a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR8"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>8</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>. There
are only 75 southern resident killer whales remaining in this area, and they
are already battling a drastically lowered food supply, thanks to declining
salmon stocks, Williams says. “We’re not talking about a quality of life issue;
we’re talking about something with real impacts.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
font-size:2.2rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The
quiet-oceans experiments<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>In the face of such
challenges, environmental scientist Jesse Ausubel at New York City’s
Rockefeller University, a decade ago proposed the grand idea of an<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a href="https://www.iqoe.org/"><span
style='color:#006699'>International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE)</span></a>.
Ausubel had previously co-founded ambitious projects including the<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110517/full/news.2011.299.html"><span
style='color:#006699'>Census of Marine Life</span></a>, a massive project that
aimed to catalogue all oceanic organisms. In 2011, he and others published the
idea of hushing the ocean to see what the absence of noise allows.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Since quieting the
entire ocean is infeasible, even for a day, the idea was adapted to encompass
smaller, more manageable tasks. In 2015, the IQOE published its science plan,
and it now acts as an umbrella body dedicated to coordinating, but not funding,
marine noise research. One of its main goals is to simply gather more data:
last year, it convinced the Global Ocean Observing System, a lauded UN project
that coordinates the satellites, buoys and research vessels that monitor the
ocean, to add noise to its list of essential variables, alongside other
fundamentals such as temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Among the projects that
the IQOE endorses are Seger’s work in Colombia, and a natural experiment in the
Baltic. Sweden and Norway have taken the unusual decision to divide a main
shipping lane through the Kattegat Sea (between Denmark and Sweden) into two,
starting next year, to make the busy route safer to navigate. Tougaard and
colleagues plan to deploy 10–20 hydrophones throughout the region this summer
to help document the effect of shifting the paths of some 80,000 ships per
year. Such data will be useful in other regions, too, Tougaard says, including
a shipping lane that crosses near some sandbanks used by a critically
endangered population of Baltic Sea harbour porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>)
for breeding. “If there’s an impact, it might make sense to move that shipping
lane,” he says. “It will be a longer route, which costs money and means more CO</span><sub><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>2</span></sub><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>coming out of the chimney. So we have to be
certain.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The Arctic is another
area of opportunity for study, says Seger. As the ice melts and shipping lanes
open, anthropogenic noise could become a major stressor for species facing
multiple rapid changes. Ship traffic in the region increased by 75% from 2005
to 2017, and some researchers have recommended moving shipping lanes to avoid
sensitive species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Williams thinks he has
found another spot for controlled studies. In 2016, he learnt about a Hindu
tradition called Nyepi, a day of silence that takes place in Bali in early
March. It is rigorously observed: all shops, airports and shipping and fishing
shut down, and tourists are gently led off the beach back into their hotel
rooms. Williams saw this as a unique opportunity: “No one in the world shuts up
for a day,” he says. In 2017, he went to Bali and put six hydrophones in the
water to measure the effect of the silence</span><sup><span style='font-size:
9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR9"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>9</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>. “The
drop was in the order of 6–9</span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";color:#222222'> </span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>dB. About the same off New York
and Boston after 9/11,” he says. “This was extraordinary.” The next step, says
Williams, is to investigate what the corals and fishes do in response to the
silence although as yet he has no specific plans or funding to go back.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
font-size:2.2rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Keeping
quiet<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>As with climate change,
there’s enough evidence for the harm of marine noise to move forward with
action, but debate lingers over the scope and urgency of the problem.
Fortunately, noise is easier and quicker to reduce than is, say, ocean
acidification or fossil-fuel use, says Seger. “It’s redesigning propellers and
re-routing shipping lanes,” she says. “We can make tangible changes.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>One experiment has
tested some of those changes in the Haro Straits around the southeastern tip of
Canada’s Vancouver Island, where the clan of killer whales that Williams
studied spend time each year. From August to October of 2017, many of the
container ships and merchant freighters travelling through the straits voluntarily
slowed to 11 knots (nautical miles per hour) from speeds as high as 18 knots.
That added half an hour to their journey, but reduced the thrum of their
engines. The ships were responding to a request by the port’s<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.portvancouver.com/environment/water-land-wildlife/echo-program/"><span
style='color:#006699'>Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation (ECHO)
Programme</span></a>, which conducted a second trial last year. For some ships,
dropping by just 3 knots cut noise intensity in half.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>When ECHO monitored a
spot important for killer whales, noise levels wobbled between 75</span><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#222222'> </span><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>dB and
140</span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
color:#222222'> </span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'>dB both before and during the slowdown, depending on the
weather, wildlife and passing ships. But during the 2017 slowdown, the noise
dropped by a median of 1.2</span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";color:#222222'> </span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>dB — a 24% reduction in sound
intensity. The trial wasn’t designed to study whale behaviour, but models
predict that this drop in noise should reduce by about 10% the time that the
waters are clogged with befuddling noise (for these whales, estimated to be
levels above 110</span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
color:#222222'> </span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'>dB), giving the whales a better chance of filling their bellies.
The full 2018 results haven’t yet been released.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>One of Williams’s
studies showed that in a modern fleet of more than 1,500 ships, half the noise
came from just 15% of vessels</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR10"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>10</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>, so
targeting the worst offenders could go a long way. “That means we do not need
draconian fleet-wide regulation to get us to our conservation targets,” says
Williams. But retrofitting a ship with noise control can be expensive, and all
calls to hush ships have so far been voluntary. In 2017, the Vancouver port
authority started offering discounted rates for quieter ships, making Canada
the first country in the world to host a financial incentive to reduce marine
noise. “In my view, Port of Vancouver is years ahead of the rest of the world,”
says Williams. But so far, uptake is limited: in 2017, only 34 of roughly 3,000
ships visiting the area took advantage of the noise discounts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Meanwhile, acoustic
prospectors are helping to identify other areas where noise might beneficially
be reduced. Williams has mapped out a hotspot where ambient noise overlaps with
porpoise populations off the coast of Haida Gwaii — a sparsely populated
archipelago off the coast of British Columbia sometimes called the ‘Galapagos
of the north’</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01098-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=669ddc32b9-briefing-dy-20190411&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-669ddc32b9-42095803#ref-CR6"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>6</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>.
Similar work has looked at noise pollution in the Mediterranean. Such work can
also pinpoint areas that are both frequented by wildlife and still quiet —
prime areas, Williams argues, for preservation. Existing conservation
mechanisms, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), might be natural places to
introduce the idea of limiting noise, Williams argues. It would be a coup, he
says, for someone to host the world’s first official “quiet MPA”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The good news is that
noise pollution can be tackled extremely rapidly; there are known solutions and
effective ways to mitigate the risk. Weilgart says that the air guns typically
used in seismic surveys could be replaced with an underwater vibrator that
creates a smaller sound footprint and a lower peak pressure, reducing the
chance of injury to marine life. When regulators set limits on the noise of
pile driving for offshore wind farms in Germany, Weilgart says, the industry
quickly took up quieter methods, such as wrapping piles in a curtain of bubbles
to absorb the sound. Companies are now coming up with ways of sinking the piles
rather than hammering them in, she adds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Vessels can be made
quieter by elevating engines off the ship floor, or using propellers designed
to reduce cavitation — the creation of tiny bubbles, which pop loudly when they
explode. Modern communication methods can help ships to approach ports slowly,
adds Tougaard, rather than speeding in only to idle just outside until a
docking point becomes available. Many cruise ships now use electric motors to
drive their propellers, mainly to reduce noise levels for their paying
customers, but also to the benefit of marine life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Fortunately, Weilgart
says, most ship-quieting moves go hand-in-hand with improving fuel efficiency.
“I’m very solutions focused,” she says. “We just need to quiet the bloody
noise.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:10.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'>References<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span lang=ES style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>1.</span></span><span
lang=ES style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> D’Amico, A.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span lang=ES
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et al.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=ES style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Aquatic Mammals</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>35</span></b><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 452–472 (2009). </span><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1578%2FAM.35.4.2009.452"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Aquatic%20Mammals&volume=35&pages=452-472&publication_year=2009&author=D%E2%80%99Amico%2CA."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>2.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Weilgart, L.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>The
Impact of Ocean Noise Pollution on Fish and Invertebrates</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(OceanCare,
2018).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span lang=FR style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>3. </span></span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>McCauley, R. D.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et al.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nature Ecol. Evol.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>1</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 0195 (2017). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0195"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Nature%20Ecol.%20Evol.&volume=1&publication_year=2017&author=McCauley%2CR.%20D."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>4.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Rolland, R. M.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et
al.</span></i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Proc. Biol. Sci.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>22</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 2363–2368 (2012). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.2429"><span lang=FR style='font-size:
13.0pt;color:#006699'>Article</span></a></b></span><b><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Proc.%20Biol.%20Sci.&volume=22&pages=2363-2368&publication_year=2012&author=Rolland%2CR.%20M."><span
lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a></span></b><b><span
lang=FR style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span lang=FR style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>5. </span></span><span
lang=FR style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Simpson, S. D.</span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>et al.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Nature Commun.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span lang=FR style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>7</span></b><span lang=FR
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 10544 (2016). </span><b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26847493"><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>PubMed</span></a> <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms10544"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Nature%20Commun.&volume=7&publication_year=2016&author=Simpson%2CS.%20D."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>6.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Morisaka, T., Shinohara, M.,
Nakahara, F. & Akamatsu, T.</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>J. Mamm.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>86</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 541–546 (2005). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282005%2986%5B541%3AEOANOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2"><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=J.%20Mamm.&volume=86&pages=541-546&publication_year=2005&author=Morisaka%2CT.&author=Shinohara%2CM.&author=Nakahara%2CF.&author=Akamatsu%2CT."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>7.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Lusseau, D., Bain, D. E., Williams,
R. & Smith, J. C.</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Endang. Species Res.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>6</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 211–221 (2009). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00154"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Endang.%20Species%20Res.&volume=6&pages=211-221&publication_year=2009&author=Lusseau%2CD.&author=Bain%2CD.%20E.&author=Williams%2CR.&author=Smith%2CJ.%20C."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>8. </span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Williams, R., Lusseau, D. &
Hammond, P. S.</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Biol. Conserv.</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>133</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 301–311 (2006). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2006.06.010"><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Biol.%20Conserv.&volume=133&pages=301-311&publication_year=2006&author=Williams%2CR.&author=Lusseau%2CD.&author=Hammond%2CP.%20S."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>9.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Williams, R. C., Erbe, C., Dewantama,
I. M. I. & Hendrawan, I. G.<i>Oceanography</i></span><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>31</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, 16–18 (2018). <b><a
href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2018.105"><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
color:#006699'>Article</span></a> <a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Oceanography&volume=31&pages=16-18&publication_year=2018&author=Williams%2CR.%20C.&author=Erbe%2CC.&author=Dewantama%2CI.%20M.%20I.&author=Hendrawan%2CI.%20G."><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>10.</span></span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Veirs, S., Veirs, V., Williams. R.,
Jasny, M. & Wood, J.</span><span class=apple-converted-space><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'> </span></span><i><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>PeerJ Preprints</span></i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>6</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>, e26525v1 (2018).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br />
<table style="border-top: 1px solid #D3D4DE;">
<tr>
<td style="width: 55px; padding-top: 13px;"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=icon" target="_blank"><img src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" width="46" height="29" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 470px; padding-top: 12px; color: #41424e; font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Virus-free. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=link" target="_blank" style="color: #4453ea;">www.avast.com</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table><a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"> </a></div></body>
</html>