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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Survey
reveals virus diversity hotspots in the Arctic Ocean, as well as the surface
waters of temperate and tropical seas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
letter-spacing:-1.15pt'>Hundreds of thousands of marine viruses discovered in
world's oceans</span></b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
letter-spacing:-1.15pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="javascript:;"><span class=block><span style='color:windowtext;background:
white;text-decoration:none'>Erin I. Garcia de Jesus</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#1A1A1A;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.7pt'>25 APRIL 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The world’s oceans
harbour nearly 200,000 virus species — two orders of magnitude more than
scientists had previously recorded, according to a survey of marine microbes.
Researchers also found an unexpected pocket of viral diversity in the Arctic
Ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The results</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01329-w?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=c02f2e898f-briefing-dy-20190426&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-c02f2e898f-42095803#ref-CR1"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>1</span></a></span></sup><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>,
published on 25 April in<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><i>Cell</i>,
provide scientists with a foundation for understanding how viruses affect
marine ecosystems — including the effect they have on the way organisms
interact and the ocean’s response to climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Every spoonful of
seawater is filled with millions of viruses. And although most are harmless to
people, they can infect a variety of marine life such as whales, crustaceans
and bacteria.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4268"><span style='color:#006699'>Mapping
viral biodiversity</span></a> will provide a more accurate depiction of
what’s happening in the ocean and enable researchers to better predict
its future, says Ahmed Zayed, a microbiologist at the Ohio State University in
Columbus and co-lead author on the study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
font-size:2.2rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>A
viral hotspot<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Researchers collected
seawater samples from nearly 80 sites around the world between 2009 and 2013,
from surface waters to depths of 4,000 metres. The effort was part of two
larger projects, called<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/news/global-ocean-trawl-reveals-plethora-of-new-lifeforms-1.17612"><i><span
style='color:#006699'>Tara</span></i><span class=apple-converted-space><i><span
style='color:#006699;text-decoration:none'> </span></i></span><span
style='color:#006699'>Oceans</span></a> and Malaspina, which study carbon
dioxide and climate change in Earth’s oceans. A previous analysis</span><sup><span
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01329-w?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=c02f2e898f-briefing-dy-20190426&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-c02f2e898f-42095803#ref-CR2"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>2</span></a></span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>of marine viruses by these missions had
identified more than 15,000 species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Zayed and his colleagues
analysed the viral DNA in the latest samples and separated the sequences into
‘viral populations’ — the closest equivalent of species for
viruses. They found nearly 200,000 populations in five ocean zones around the
globe, with the species in each zone comprising their own viral community.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The most diverse
communities were in temperate and tropical surface waters, as well as in the
Arctic Ocean — a geographically and politically difficult region to
access, and one of the most at risk from climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Using this new map of
virus diversity, scientists could manipulate specific areas of the ocean to
boost the viral community’s ability to move carbon dioxide from shallow
waters into the deep ocean, says Matthew Sullivan, a microbiologist at Ohio
State University and senior author on the study. The oceans absorb half of the
carbon dioxide that people pump into Earth’s atmosphere. And previous
analyses</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01329-w?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=c02f2e898f-briefing-dy-20190426&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-c02f2e898f-42095803#ref-CR3"><span
style='color:#006699;vertical-align:baseline'>3</span></a></span></sup><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:#222222'> </span></span><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>have found that marine viruses can help to
drive carbon in the ocean’s surface waters to the depths, locking it away
from the atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>It’s scary to
consider engineering the ocean like this, Sullivan says. “But we need to
be thinking about seriously impactful ways to stem the coming climate issues we
are facing.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:20.4pt;background:white;
font-size:2.2rem'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The
tip of the iceberg<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>The revelation that
viruses form communities in the world’s oceans emphasizes how little we
know about them, says Curtis Suttle, a marine virologist at the University of
British Columbia in Vancouver. And even though researchers now have a massive
amount of data on ocean viruses, there are still many unsampled regions of the
sea, he adds. Untapped areas include vast portions of the western Indian Ocean
and the eastern Pacific Ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Other researchers want
more data to flesh out the question of viral diversity in the world’s
oceans. The project team sampled Arctic waters repeatedly in a small area over
six months, whereas samples other regions came from single-collection trips,
says Rebecca Vega Thurber, a microbiologist at Oregon State University in
Corvallis. It’s remarkable that the Arctic was a diversity hotspot, she
says, but repeated sampling could reveal greater diversity at other locations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:20.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>Despite that, Vega
Thurber is excited about this latest marine-virus data set. The study
researchers “are creating the encyclopaedias that we need to look through
to understand what we’re studying”, she says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:10.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:21.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>References<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>1.</span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> Gregory, A. C.<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>et
al.</i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>Cell</i>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.040
(2019).<b><a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Cell&volume=177&pages=1-15&publication_year=2019&author=Gregory%2CA.C."><span
style='color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>2.</span></span><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'> </span><span
lang=FR style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Roux, S.<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>et
al.</i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>Nature</i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><b>537</b>,
689-693 (2016). </span><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27654921"><span
style='color:#006699'>PubMed</span></a> <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19366"><span style='color:#006699'>Article</span></a>
<a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Nature&volume=537&pages=689-693&publication_year=2016&author=Roux%2CS."><span
style='color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=indented-counter><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#222222'>3. </span></span><span lang=FR
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Guidi, L.<span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>et
al.</i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><i>Nature</i><span
class=apple-converted-space><span style='color:#222222'> </span></span><b>532</b>,
465-470 (2016). </span><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26863193"><span
style='color:#006699'>PubMed</span></a> <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16942"><span style='color:#006699'>Article</span></a>
<a
href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Nature&volume=532&pages=465-470&publication_year=2016&author=Guidi%2CL."><span
style='color:#006699'>Google Scholar</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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