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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Journal of
Fish Biology</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=epub-state><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>First published: </span></span><span
class=epub-date><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>12
March 2019</span></span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13948"><span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none'>https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13948</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"icomoon","serif";
color:#6D2077'> </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.6pt;background:white;vertical-align:
middle'><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"icomoon","serif";
color:#6D2077'>Open Access<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;line-height:22.5pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>An overview of fish bioacoustics and the
impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Popper%2C+Arthur+N"
id="a1_Ctrl"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Arthur N.
Popper</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hawkins%2C+Anthony+D"><span
style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Anthony D. Hawkins</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.7pt;background:white'><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#8B8B8B'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";color:#414141'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>Fishes use a variety of
sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate. Of the
various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in
providing information, often from great distances, from all around these
animals. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming
the limitations of other senses such as vision, touch, taste and smell. Sound
is used for communication between fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of
prey and predators, orientation and migration and habitat selection. Thus,
anything that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and respond to
biologically relevant sounds can decrease survival and fitness of individuals
and populations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>Since the onset of the
Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing increase in the noise that
humans put into the water. These anthropogenic sounds are from a wide range of
sources that include shipping, sonars, construction activities (<i>e.g</i>.,
wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and exploration for oil and gas.
Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently intense to result in death or mortal
injury. However, anthropogenic sounds at lower levels may result in temporary
hearing impairment, physiological changes including stress effects, changes in
behaviour or the masking of biologically important sounds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>The intent of this paper
is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic sounds upon fishes, the potential
consequences for populations and ecosystems and the need to develop sound
exposure criteria and relevant regulations. However, assuming that many readers
may not have a background in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides
information on underwater acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very
important concept of particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all
fishes, including elasmobranchs. The paper then provides background material on
fish hearing, sound production and acoustic behaviour. This is followed by an
overview of what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and
considers the current guidelines and criteria being used world</span><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>wide to assess potential
effects on fishes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>Most importantly, the
paper provides the most complete summary of the effects of anthropogenic noise
on fishes to date. It is also made clear that there are currently so many
information gaps that it is almost impossible to reach clear conclusions on the
nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds that have potential to cause changes
in animal behaviour, or even result in physical harm. Further research is
required on the responses of a range of fish species to different sound
sources, under different conditions. There is a need both to examine the
immediate effects of sound exposure and the longer</span><span
style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1C1D1E'>term effects, in terms
of fitness and likely impacts upon populations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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