<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-2022-jp">
<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)">
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@MS Mincho";
panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
h2
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:18.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;}
h3
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:13.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:bold;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.EstiloCorreo17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:Arial;
color:windowtext;}
@page Section1
{size:595.3pt 841.9pt;
margin:70.85pt 3.0cm 70.85pt 3.0cm;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang=ES link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=epub-state><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'>Journal
of Avian Biology<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=epub-state><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'>First
published: </span></span></font></span><span class=epub-date><font size=2
face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><span
style='box-sizing: border-box;display:inline-block'>18 September 2019</span></span></font></span><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02164"><font color=black><span lang=EN-GB
style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02164</span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0cm;line-height:22.5pt;background:white'><b><font size=5
color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#1C1D1E'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h2>
<h2 style='mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0cm;line-height:22.5pt;background:white'><b><font size=5
color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#1C1D1E'>Immature gannets follow adults in commuting flocks
providing a potential mechanism for social learning<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Wakefield%2C+Ewan+D"
data-id=a1 data-db-target-for=a1 aria-controls=a1 aria-haspopup=true
id="a1_Ctrl" role=button style='box-sizing: border-box;cursor:pointer;
font-size:0.875rem'><font color=black><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none'><span style='box-sizing: border-box'>Ewan D. Wakefield</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'></span></span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Furness%2C+Robert+W"><font
color=black><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><span
style='box-sizing: border-box'>Robert W. Furness</span></span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Lane%2C+Jude+V"><font
color=black><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><span
style='box-sizing: border-box'>Jude V. Lane</span></span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Jeglinski%2C+Jana+W+E"><font
color=black><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><span
style='box-sizing: border-box'>Jana W. E. Jeglinski</span></span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Pinder%2C+Simon+J"><font
color=black><span lang=EN-GB style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><span
style='box-sizing: border-box'>Simon J. Pinder</span></span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0cm;background:white'><b><font size=4 color="#414141" face=Arial><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#414141;font-weight:
normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<span style='box-sizing: border-box;display:inline-block'>
<h3 style='mso-margin-top-alt:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt;
margin-left:0cm;background:white'><b><font size=4 color="#414141" face=Arial><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#414141'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h3>
<p style='mso-margin-top-alt:3.75pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box'><font size=2
color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#1C1D1E'>Group travel is a familiar phenomenon among birds but the
causes of this mode of movement are often unclear. For example, flocking flight
may reduce flight costs, enhance predator avoidance or increase foraging
efficiency. In addition, naive individuals may also follow older, more
experienced conspecifics as a learning strategy. However, younger birds may be
slower than adults so biomechanical and social effects on flock structure may
be difficult to separate. Gannets are wide</span></font><font size=2
color="#1c1d1e" face="MS Mincho"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"MS Mincho";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span></font><font size=2
color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#1C1D1E'>ranging (100s</span></font><font size=2 color="#1c1d1e"
face="MS Mincho"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"MS Mincho";
color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span></font><font size=2 color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial;color:#1C1D1E'>1000s km)
colonial seabirds that often travel in V or echelon</span></font><font size=2
color="#1c1d1e" face="MS Mincho"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"MS Mincho";color:#1C1D1E'>$B!>(J</span></font><font size=2
color="#1c1d1e" face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
Arial;color:#1C1D1E'>shaped flocks. Tracking suggests that breeding gannets use
memory to return repeatedly to prey patches 10s–100s km wide but it is
unclear how these are initially discovered. Public information gained at the
colony or by following conspecifics has been hypothesised to play a role,
especially during early life. Here, we address two hypotheses: (1) Flocking
reduces flight costs and (2) young gannets follow older ones in order to locate
prey. To do so, we recorded flocks of northern gannets commuting to and from a
large colony and passing locations offshore and used a biomechanical model to
test for age differences in flight speeds. Consistent with the aerodynamic
hypothesis, returning flocks were significantly larger than departing flocks,
while, consistent with the information gathering hypothesis, immatures
travelled in flocks more frequently than adults and these flocks were more
likely to be led by adults than expected by chance. Immatures did not
systematically occupy the last position in flocks and had similar theoretical
airspeeds to adults, making it unlikely that they follow, rather than lead, for
biomechanical reasons. We therefore conclude that while gannets are likely to
travel in flocks in part to reduce flight costs, the positions of immatures in
those flocks may result in a flow of information from adults to immatures,
potentially resulting in social learning.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</section></div>
<div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br /> <table style="border-top: 1px solid #D3D4DE;">
<tr>
<td style="width: 55px; padding-top: 18px;"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank"><img src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" width="46" height="29" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 470px; padding-top: 17px; color: #41424e; font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Libre de virus. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank" style="color: #4453ea;">www.avast.com</a> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"> </a></div></body>
</html>