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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=ES link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Global Ecology and Biogeography<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>First published: 12 November 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13022"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13022</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Defining isoscapes in the Northeast Pacific as an index of ocean productivity<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Espinasse%2C+Boris"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Boris Espinasse</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hunt%2C+Brian+P+V"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Brian P. V. Hunt</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Batten%2C+Sonia+D"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Sonia D. Batten</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Pakhomov%2C+Evgeny+A"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>Evgeny A. Pakhomov</span></a></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Aim<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>We modelled isoscapes in the Northeast (NE) Pacific using satellite</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B!>(J</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>based data, with the main objective of testing whether isoscapes defined by a few key parameters can be used as a proxy for secondary productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Location<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Northeast Pacific; 46–60$B!k(J N and 125(J–(J165$B!k(J W.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Time period<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>From 1998 to 2017 (ongoing).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Major taxa studied<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Zooplankton, with a focus on large herbivores.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Methods<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Approximately 280 summer zooplankton samples were analysed for carbon (</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>(J$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>13</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>C) and nitrogen (</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>15</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>N) stable isotope (SI) ratios. Environmental conditions experienced by zooplankton organisms were extracted from satellite, in situ sensor and model databases. A generalized additive model approach was used to explain the spatial variability of </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>13</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>C and </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>15</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>N values and to predict isoscapes. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Results<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly (SLA) and chlorophyll</span></u><u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B!>(J</span></u><i><u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>a</span></u></i><u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> concentration emerged as the significant SI predictors.</span></u><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'> Modelled isoscapes reproduced patterns observed in </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>13</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>C and </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>15</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>N value distribution, such as a decrease from the coast to offshore. The contribution of eddies in enhancing local production in the open ocean was also well captured by the models. In the central part of the NE Pacific, higher SI values were correlated with higher large copepod biomass measured by the North Pacific Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. However, in the area off the coast of British Columbia, high </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>$B&D(J</span><sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>15</span></sup><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>N variability appeared to be associated with episodic intrusions of coastal waters, demonstrating that caution is needed when interpreting sharp changes in SI ratios. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Main conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Although the mechanisms driving SI ratio variability are complex, we demonstrate that a few parameters used as a proxy for some of these major mechanisms are able to produce successful isoscape models. This approach was proved useful to provide a qualitative estimate of secondary production, which can be particularly valuable in a region where few data are available.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>