<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02697491" title="Go to Environmental Pollution on ScienceDirect"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Environmental Pollution</span></a></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02697491/269/supp/C" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Volume 269</span></a>, 15
January 2021, 115744</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744" target="_blank" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:24pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Developmental toxicity
of plastic leachates on the sea urchin <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a name="bau1"></a><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Flora Rendell-Bhatti</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">a</span>}</a><a name="bau2"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Periklis Paganos</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">b</span>}</a><a name="bau3"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Anna Pouch</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">c</span>}</a><a name="bau4"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Christopher Mitchell</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">a</span>}</a><a name="bau5"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Salvatore D’Aniello</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">b</span>}</a><a name="bau6"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Brendan J. Godley</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">a</span>}</a><a name="bau7"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Ksenia Pazdro</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">c</span>}</a><a name="bau8"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Maria Ina Arnone</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">b</span>}</a><a name="bau9"></a><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749120364332#!"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">Eva Jimenez-Guri</span>^{<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration-line:none">a</span>}</a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif">a)Centre for Ecology and
Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter
Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom b) Biology and
Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa
Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy c)Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Sopot, Poland</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><br></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:19.5pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Abstract</span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:19.5pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Microplastic
pollution has become ubiquitous, affecting a wide variety of biota. Although
microplastics are known to alter the development of a range of marine
invertebrates, no studies provide a detailed morphological characterisation of
the developmental defects. Likewise, the developmental toxicity of chemicals
leached from plastic particles is understudied. The consequences of these
developmental effects are likely underestimated, and the effects on ecosystems
are unknown. Using the sea urchin <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i> as a
model, we studied the effects of leachates of three forms of plastic pellet:
new industrial pre-production plastic nurdles, beached pre-production nurdles,
and floating filters, known as biobeads, also retrieved from the environment.
Our chemical analyses show that leachates from beached pellets (biobead and
nurdle pellets) and highly plasticised industrial pellets (PVC) contain
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are known
to be detrimental to development and other life stages of animals. <b>We also demonstrate that these microplastic
leachates elicit severe, consistent and treatment-specific developmental
abnormalities in <i>P. lividus</i> at embryonic and larval
stages</b>. Those embryos exposed to virgin polyethylene leachates with no
additives nor environmental contaminants developed normally, suggesting that
the abnormalities observed are the result of exposure to either environmentally
adsorbed contaminants or pre-existing industrial additives within the polymer
matrix. In the light of the chemical contents of the leachates and other
characteristics of the plastic particles used, we discuss the phenotypes
observed during our study, which include <b>abnormal
gastrulation, impaired skeletogenesis, abnormal neurogenesis, redistribution of
pigmented cells and embryo radialisation.</b></span></p></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br> <table style="border-top:1px solid #d3d4de">
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