[OANNES Foro] Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom

[Mario Cabrejos]

Nature
Volume: 487, Pages: 313-319
Date published: (19 July 2012)
doi:10.1038/nature11229
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7407/full/nature11229.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120719

Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom
Victor Smetacek,1, 2, 27 Christine Klaas,1, 27 Volker H. Strass,1 Philipp Assmy,1, 3 Marina Montresor,4 Boris Cisewski,1, 5 Nicolas Savoye,6, 7 Adrian Webb,8 Francesco d'Ovidio,9 Jesús M. Arrieta,10, 11 Ulrich Bathmann,1, 12 Richard Bellerby,13, 14 Gry Mine Berg,15 Peter Croot,16, 17 Santiago Gonzalez,10 Joachim Henjes,1, 18 Gerhard J. Herndl,10, 19 Linn J. Hoffmann,16 Harry Leach,20 Martin Losch,1 Matthew M. Mills,15 Craig Neill,13, 21 Ilka Peeken,1, 22 Rüdiger Röttgers,23 Oliver Sachs,1, 24 
Eberhard Sauter,1 
Maike M. Schmidt,25 
Jill Schwarz,1, 26 
Anja Terbrüggen1 
& Dieter Wolf-Gladrow1 

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Victor Smetacek, Christine Klaas, Volker H. Strass, Philipp Assmy, Boris Cisewski, Ulrich Bathmann, Joachim Henjes, Martin Losch, Ilka Peeken, Oliver Sachs, Eberhard Sauter, Jill Schwarz, Anja Terbrüggen & Dieter Wolf-Gladrow 
National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India Victor Smetacek
Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway Philipp Assmy
Ecology and Evolution of Plankton, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121-Napoli, Italy
Marina Montresor
Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
Boris Cisewski
Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Nicolas Savoye
Univ. Bordeaux/CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Professeur Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
Nicolas Savoye
Oceanography Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
Adrian Webb
LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France Francesco d'Ovidio
Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands Jesús M. Arrieta, Santiago Gonzalez & Gerhard J. Herndl
Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marques 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain Jesús M. Arrieta
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany Ulrich Bathmann
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Allegaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
Richard Bellerby & Craig Neill
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Thormøhlensgate 53 D, 5006 Bergen, Norway Richard Bellerby
Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Gry Mine Berg & Matthew M. Mills
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany Peter Croot & Linn J. Hoffmann
Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Quadrangle Building, University Road, Galway, Ireland Peter Croot
Phytolutions GmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany Joachim Henjes
Department of Marine Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Gerhard J. Herndl
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Room 209 Nicholson Building, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK Harry Leach
Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia  Craig Neill
MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany  Ilka Peeken
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Center for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany  Rüdiger Röttgers
Eberhard & Partner AG, General Guisan Strasse 2, 5000 Arau, Switzerland  Oliver Sachs
Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, FB 2, University of Bremen, Postfach 33 04 40, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Maike M. Schmidt
School of Marine Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK Jill Schwarz
  Abstract
Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.


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