[OANNES Foro] Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America

Mario Cabrejos casal en infotex.com.pe
Vie Jul 15 09:23:11 PDT 2016


Journal of Fish Biology

First published: 26 May 2016 

DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12970 


 


Special challenges in the conservation of fishes and aquatic environments of
South America


.         M. F. Costa, M. Barletta


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Abstract


In South America, the conservation of natural resources, particularly in
relation to water and aquatic fauna, is an often-discussed issue.
Unfortunately, there is still a large gap between thoughts and action.
Scientists from different countries of the continent have however, produced
a significant body of literature that should finally become the basis of
emerging managerial models.

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Journal of Fish Biology

.         First published: 17 June 2016 

.         DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13016 

 

 


Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America


.         R. E. Reis, J. S. Albert, F. Di Dario, M. M. Mincarone, P. Petry,
L. A. Rocha


0.      


Abstract


The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America are the most diverse
on Earth, with current species richness estimates standing above 9100
species. In addition, over the last decade at least 100 species were
described every year. There are currently about 5160 freshwater fish
species, and the estimate for the freshwater fish fauna alone points to a
final diversity between 8000 and 9000 species. South America also has c.
4000 species of marine fishes. The mega-diverse fish faunas of South America
evolved over a period of >100 million years, with most lineages tracing
origins to Gondwana and the adjacent Tethys Sea. This high diversity was in
part maintained by escaping the mass extinctions and biotic turnovers
associated with Cenozoic climate cooling, the formation of boreal and
temperate zones at high latitudes and aridification in many places at
equatorial latitudes. The fresh waters of the continent are divided into 13
basin complexes, large basins consolidated as a single unit plus
historically connected adjacent coastal drainages, and smaller coastal
basins grouped together on the basis of biogeographic criteria. Species
diversity, endemism, noteworthy groups and state of knowledge of each basin
complex are described. Marine habitats around South America, both coastal
and oceanic, are also described in terms of fish diversity, endemism and
state of knowledge. Because of extensive land use changes, hydroelectric
damming, water divergence for irrigation, urbanization, sedimentation and
overfishing 4-10% of all fish species in South America face some degree of
extinction risk, mainly due to habitat loss and degradation. These figures
suggest that the conservation status of South American freshwater fish
faunas is better than in most other regions of the world, but the marine
fishes are as threatened as elsewhere. Conserving the remarkable aquatic
habitats and fishes of South America is a growing challenge in face of the
rapid anthropogenic changes of the 21st century, and deserves attention from
conservationists and policy makers.

 



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