[OANNES Foro] Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters

[paco luisyn quintana effio]

Buen día Sr. Mario Cabrejos

Por favor puede enviarme el paper completo en caso lo tuviera.

Saludos y éxitos este 2018.


El 5 de enero de 2018, 18:42, Mario Cabrejos <casal en infotex.com.pe>
escribió:

> *Lista Oannes, fundada el 11 de Octubre de 1996*
>
> OANNES "SEÑOR DE LAS OLAS"
> Foro Hispano Americano de Intercambio
> de Información sobre Temas de Mar.
> ________________________________________
>
> Visita nuestro canal de Youtube en:
> https://www.youtube.com/Apkalluoannes
>
> O también en Facebook en: https://www.facebook.com/ong.oannes
>
> ---><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><> ><>---
>
>
> Science  05 Jan 2018:
> Vol. 359, Issue 6371, eaam7240
> DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7240
>   Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
>
> ·         Denise Breitburg1
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-1>
> ,*
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#corresp-1>
> , Lisa A. Levin2
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-2>
> , Andreas Oschlies3
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-3>
> , Marilaure Grégoire4
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-4>
> , Francisco P. Chavez5
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-5>
> , Daniel J. Conley6
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-6>
> , Véronique Garçon7
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-7>
> , Denis Gilbert8
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-8>
> , Dimitri Gutiérrez9
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-9>
> ,10
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-10>
> , Kirsten Isensee11
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-11>
> , Gil S. Jacinto12
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-12>
> , Karin E. Limburg13
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-13>
> , Ivonne Montes14
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-14>
> , S. W. A. Naqvi15
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-15>
> ,†
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#fn-1>
> , Grant C. Pitcher16
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-16>
> ,17
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-17>
> , Nancy N. Rabalais18
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-18>
> , Michael R. Roman19
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-19>
> , Kenneth A. Rose19
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-19>
> , Brad A. Seibel20
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-20>
> , Maciej Telszewski21
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-21>
> , Moriaki Yasuhara22
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-22>
> , Jing Zhang23
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240?utm_campaign=toc_sci-mag_2018-01-04&et_rid=34815706&et_cid=1771554#aff-23>
>
> ·
> Beneath the waves, oxygen disappears
>
> As plastic waste pollutes the oceans and fish stocks decline, unseen below
> the surface another problem grows: deoxygenation. Breitburg *et al.* review
> the evidence for the downward trajectory of oxygen levels in increasing
> areas of the open ocean and coastal waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled
> with climate change—each resulting from human activities—are changing ocean
> biogeochemistry and increasing oxygen consumption. This results in
> destabilization of sediments and fundamental shifts in the availability of
> key nutrients. In the short term, some compensatory effects may result in
> improvements in local fisheries, such as in cases where stocks are squeezed
> between the surface and elevated oxygen minimum zones. In the longer term,
> these conditions are unsustainable and may result in ecosystem collapses,
> which ultimately will cause societal and economic harm.
>
> *Science*, this issue p. *eaam7240*
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam7240>
>
>
> Structured Abstract BACKGROUND
>
> Oxygen concentrations in both the open ocean and coastal waters have been
> declining since at least the middle of the 20th century. This oxygen loss,
> or deoxygenation, is one of the most important changes occurring in an
> ocean increasingly modified by human activities that have raised
> temperatures, CO2levels, and nutrient inputs and have altered the
> abundances and distributions of marine species. Oxygen is fundamental to
> biological and biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Its decline can cause
> major changes in ocean productivity, biodiversity, and biogeochemical
> cycles. Analyses of direct measurements at sites around the world indicate
> that oxygen-minimum zones in the open ocean have expanded by several
> million square kilometers and that hundreds of coastal sites now have
> oxygen concentrations low enough to limit the distribution and abundance of
> animal populations and alter the cycling of important nutrients.
> ADVANCES
>
> In the open ocean, global warming, which is primarily caused by increased
> greenhouse gas emissions, is considered the primary cause of ongoing
> deoxygenation. Numerical models project further oxygen declines during the
> 21st century, even with ambitious emission reductions. Rising global
> temperatures decrease oxygen solubility in water, increase the rate of
> oxygen consumption via respiration, and are predicted to reduce the
> introduction of oxygen from the atmosphere and surface waters into the
> ocean interior by increasing stratification and weakening ocean overturning
> circulation.
>
> In estuaries and other coastal systems strongly influenced by their
> watershed, oxygen declines have been caused by increased loadings of
> nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic matter, primarily from
> agriculture; sewage; and the combustion of fossil fuels. In many regions,
> further increases in nitrogen discharges to coastal waters are projected as
> human populations and agricultural production rise. Climate change
> exacerbates oxygen decline in coastal systems through similar mechanisms as
> those in the open ocean, as well as by increasing nutrient delivery from
> watersheds that will experience increased precipitation.
>
> Expansion of low-oxygen zones can increase production of N2O, a potent
> greenhouse gas; reduce eukaryote biodiversity; alter the structure of food
> webs; and negatively affect food security and livelihoods. Both
> acidification and increasing temperature are mechanistically linked with
> the process of deoxygenation and combine with low-oxygen conditions to
> affect biogeochemical, physiological, and ecological processes. However, an
> important paradox to consider in predicting large-scale effects of future
> deoxygenation is that high levels of productivity in nutrient-enriched
> coastal systems and upwelling areas associated with oxygen-minimum zones
> also support some of the world’s most prolific fisheries.
> OUTLOOK
>
> Major advances have been made toward understanding patterns, drivers, and
> consequences of ocean deoxygenation, but there is a need to improve
> predictions at large spatial and temporal scales important to ecosystem
> services provided by the ocean. Improved numerical models of oceanographic
> processes that control oxygen depletion and the large-scale influence of
> altered biogeochemical cycles are needed to better predict the magnitude
> and spatial patterns of deoxygenation in the open ocean, as well as
> feedbacks to climate. Developing and verifying the next generation of these
> models will require increased in situ observations and improved mechanistic
> understanding on a variety of scales. Models useful for managing nutrient
> loads can simulate oxygen loss in coastal waters with some skill, but their
> ability to project future oxygen loss is often hampered by insufficient
> data and climate model projections on drivers at appropriate temporal and
> spatial scales. Predicting deoxygenation-induced changes in ecosystem
> services and human welfare requires scaling effects that are measured on
> individual organisms to populations, food webs, and fisheries stocks;
> considering combined effects of deoxygenation and other ocean stressors;
> and placing an increased research emphasis on developing nations. Reducing
> the impacts of other stressors may provide some protection to species
> negatively affected by low-oxygen conditions. Ultimately, though, limiting
> deoxygenation and its negative effects will necessitate a substantial
> global decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as reductions in
> nutrient discharges to coastal waters.
>
> *[image:
> https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.medium.gif]*
> <https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1>
>
> ·          *Download high-res image*
> <https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg?download=true>
>  *Open in new tab*
> <https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/359/6371/eaam7240/F1.large.jpg>
>  *Download Powerpoint*
> <http://science.sciencemag.org/highwire/powerpoint/704191>
>
> *Low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal waters
> affect processes ranging from biogeochemistry to food security.*
>
> The global map indicates coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have
> exacerbated or caused O2 declines to <2 mg liter−1 (<63 μmol liter−1)
> (red dots), as well as ocean oxygen-minimum zones at 300 m of depth (blue
> shaded regions). [Map created from data provided by R. Diaz, updated by
> members of the GO2NE network, and downloaded from the World Ocean Atlas
> 2009].
> Abstract
>
> Oxygen is fundamental to life. Not only is it essential for the survival
> of individual animals, but it regulates global cycles of major nutrients
> and carbon. The oxygen content of the open ocean and coastal waters has
> been declining for at least the past half-century, largely because of human
> activities that have increased global temperatures and nutrients discharged
> to coastal waters. These changes have accelerated consumption of oxygen by
> microbial respiration, reduced solubility of oxygen in water, and reduced
> the rate of oxygen resupply from the atmosphere to the ocean interior, with
> a wide range of biological and ecological consequences. Further research is
> needed to understand and predict long-term, global- and regional-scale
> oxygen changes and their effects on marine and estuarine fisheries and
> ecosystems.
>
>
>
>
> ------------------------------
> [image: Avast logo] <https://www.avast.com/antivirus>
>
> This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
> www.avast.com <https://www.avast.com/antivirus>
>
> <#m_-4059448323087649073_DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2>
>
> ________________________________________
>
> VISITA NUESTRO PORTAL WEB EN:
> http://www.oannes.org.pe
> PARA ENVIAR MENSAJES A LA LISTA USE:
> oannes en lista.oannes.org.pe
>
> LOS MENSAJES COMERCIALES ESTAN PROHIBIDOS
> PARA SUBSCRIBIRSE O DESUBSCRIBIRSE SOLICITELO A:
> oannes-owner en lista.oannes.org.pe
> ________________________________________
>
> LOS MENSAJES Y ARTICULOS DIFUNDIDOS EN LA LISTA SON EXCLUSIVA
> RESPONSABILIDAD DE SUS AUTORES QUIENES ASUMEN TODA RESPONSABILIDAD FRENTE A
> TERCEROS POR CUALQUIER DAÑO O PERJUICIO QUE EL CONTENIDO DE SUS COMENTARIOS
> PUEDA CAUSAR, INCLUYENDO RESPONSABILIDADES DE TIPO CIVIL, ADMINISTRATIVAS,
> PENALES O INFRACCIONES A DERECHOS DE AUTOR, MARCA O DE CUALQUIER
> NATURALEZA. LA ONG OANNES NO NECESARIAMENTE SE SOLIDARIZA CON LA
> INFORMACION DE LIBRE CIRCULACION EN "OANNES FORO", "OANNES BOLETIN",
> RESERVANDOSE EL DERECHO DE ELIMINAR LOS COMENTARIOS QUE SE CONSIDEREN FUERA
> DE LUGAR, DEL TEMA DE LA DISCUSION O DE LOS OBJETIVOS O PROPOSITOS DE
> NUESTRA ORGANIZACION.
>
> RECOMENDAMOS QUE INCLUYA SIEMPRE LA FUENTE Y LA FECHA EN CITAS QUE HACE DE
> PUBLICACIONES DE TERCEROS
>
> RESPETE LAS NORMAS DE NETIQUET, IDENTIFIQUESE CORRECTAMENTE, NO USE
> SEUDONIMOS, FIRME SUS MENSAJES CON SU NOMBRE REAL
>
> ________________________________________
> "Tu amigo no es el que te regala un pescado, sino el que te enseña a
> criarlo y pescarlo con responsabilidad"
>
> "It is not the person who gives you a fish who is your friend, but the one
> who teaches you fish-farming and fishing with responsibility"
> ______________________________________________
>
>


-- 
*Paco L. Quintana Effio.*
*Laboratorio Costero de Paita.*
*IMARPE*
------------ próxima parte ------------
Se ha borrado un adjunto en formato HTML...
URL: <http://lista.oannes.org.pe/pipermail/oannes-oannes.org.pe/attachments/20180110/b0e01ee0/attachment.html>
------------ próxima parte ------------
A non-text attachment was scrubbed...
Name: image001.gif
Type: image/gif
Size: 25355 bytes
Desc: no disponible
URL: <http://lista.oannes.org.pe/pipermail/oannes-oannes.org.pe/attachments/20180110/b0e01ee0/attachment.gif>