[OANNES Foro] An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

[Mario Cabrejos]

Journal of Fish Biology

First published: 12 March 2019

 <https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13948> https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13948

 

Open Access


An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on
fishes


 
<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Popper%
2C+Arthur+N> Arthur N. Popper
<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Hawkins
%2C+Anthony+D> Anthony D. Hawkins

 


Abstract


Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments
and to communicate. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly
important role for fishes in providing information, often from great
distances, from all around these animals. This information is in all three
spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of other senses such as
vision, touch, taste and smell. Sound is used for communication between
fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of prey and predators, orientation
and migration and habitat selection. Thus, anything that interferes with the
ability of a fish to detect and respond to biologically relevant sounds can
decrease survival and fitness of individuals and populations.

Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing
increase in the noise that humans put into the water. These anthropogenic
sounds are from a wide range of sources that include shipping, sonars,
construction activities (e.g., wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and
exploration for oil and gas. Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently
intense to result in death or mortal injury. However, anthropogenic sounds
at lower levels may result in temporary hearing impairment, physiological
changes including stress effects, changes in behaviour or the masking of
biologically important sounds.

The intent of this paper is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic
sounds upon fishes, the potential consequences for populations and
ecosystems and the need to develop sound exposure criteria and relevant
regulations. However, assuming that many readers may not have a background
in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides information on underwater
acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very important concept of
particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all fishes, including
elasmobranchs. The paper then provides background material on fish hearing,
sound production and acoustic behaviour. This is followed by an overview of
what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and considers
the current guidelines and criteria being used world‐wide to assess
potential effects on fishes.

Most importantly, the paper provides the most complete summary of the
effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes to date. It is also made clear that
there are currently so many information gaps that it is almost impossible to
reach clear conclusions on the nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds
that have potential to cause changes in animal behaviour, or even result in
physical harm. Further research is required on the responses of a range of
fish species to different sound sources, under different conditions. There
is a need both to examine the immediate effects of sound exposure and the
longer‐term effects, in terms of fitness and likely impacts upon
populations.

 



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